Editing Cultural identity (section)

==History==
The history of cultural identity develops out of the observations of a number of social scientists. A history of cultural identity is important because it outlines the understanding of how our identities provide a way to see ourselves in relation to the world in which we live. "Cultural identities...are the natural, and most fundamental, constitutive elements of individual and collective identity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lecours |first=André |date=2000 |title=Theorizing Cultural Identities: Historical Institutionalism as a Challenge to the Culturalists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3232580 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=499–522 |doi=10.1017/S0008423900000172 |jstor=3232580 |issn=0008-4239|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Franz Boas]] is an important figure in the creation of the idea of cultural identity. Boas is known for challenging ideas about culture. Boas promoted the importance of viewing a culture from within its own perspective and understanding, not from the outsider's view point.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stocking |first=George W. |date=August 1966 |title=Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective 1 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00010 |journal=American Anthropologist |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=867–882 |doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00010 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was a somewhat radical perspective at the time. Additionally, Myron Lustig is credited with contributing the concept of [[cultural identity theory]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jia |first=Yanli |chapter=Cultural Identity Construction of EFL Learners |date=July 2019 |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) |chapter-url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iccessh-19/125912043 |language=en |publisher=Atlantis Press |pages=1287–1291 |doi=10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284 |isbn=978-94-6252-752-2|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A number of contemporary theorists continue to contribute to the concept of cultural identity. For instance, contemporary work completed by [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] is considered essential to understand cultural identity.<ref name="Hall 1989 68–81">{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Stuart |date=1989 |title=Cultural Identity and Cinematic Representation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44111666 |journal=Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media |issue=36 |pages=68–81 |jstor=44111666 |issn=0306-7661}}</ref> According to Hall, identity is defined by at least two specific actions, which are similarity and difference.<ref name="Hall 1989 68–81"/> Specifically, in settings of slavery and colonization, identity provides a connection to the past as well as disintegration from a shared origination.

Theorists' questions about identity include "whether identity is to be understood as something internal that persists through change or as something ascribed from without that changes according to circumstance."<ref name=pg>{{Cite journal |last=Gleason |first=Philip |date=March 1983 |title=Identifying Identity: A Semantic History |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1901196 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=910–931 |doi=10.2307/1901196 |jstor=1901196 |issn=0021-8723|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Whatever the case may be, Gleason advocates for "sensitivity to the intrinsic complexities of the subject matter with which it deals, and careful attention to the need for precision and consistency in its application.<ref name=pg/> Cultural identity can also become a marker of difference that requires sensitivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnett |first=Rachel D. |date=September 2023 |title=Uniting Through Difference: Rich Cultural-Identity Expression as a Conduit to Inclusion |url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2022.1648 |journal=Organization Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1887–1913 |doi=10.1287/orsc.2022.1648 |issn=1047-7039|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Kuper presents concepts on cultural identity within the framework of a power dynamic. He writes, "The privileged lie and mislead, but the oppressed come gradually to appreciate their objective circumstances and formulate a new consciousness that will ultimately liberate them."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuper |first=Adam |date=September 1994 |title=Culture, Identity and the Project of a Cosmopolitan Anthropology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804342 |journal=Man |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=537–554 |doi=10.2307/2804342|jstor=2804342 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The consciousness is a facet of their identity. Similarly, identity plays a role in mediating between a human being and the environment in which they exist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paleczny |first=Tadeusz |date=2008 |title=Cultural Identity: A Sociological Analysis of the Phenomenon |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24919310. |journal=Institute of Regional Studies |issue=10/1 |pages=353–372 |jstor=24919310 }}</ref>

The identity of a person is "a result of socialization and customs" that promotes the maintenance of distinct cultural identities from generation to generation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Assmann |first1=Jan |last2=Czaplicka |first2=John |date=1995 |title=Collective Memory and Cultural Identity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/488538 |journal=New German Critique |issue=65 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.2307/488538 |jstor=488538 |issn=0094-033X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, identity can be considered that which forms cultures and results in "dictated appropriate behavior."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Anthony P. |date=1993 |title=Culture as Identity: An Anthropologist's View |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/469278 |journal=New Literary History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=195–209 |doi=10.2307/469278|jstor=469278 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Put another way, identity may dictate behavior that results in the reification of identity with the individual as a "replicate in miniature of the larger social and cultural entity.<ref name=":1" /> Another way to consider cultural identity is that it is "the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the practice of social history."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jia |first=Yanli |chapter=Cultural Identity Construction of EFL Learners |date=2019 |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284. |doi=10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284 |isbn=978-94-6252-752-2 }}</ref>

[[Globalization]] is connected to influences in economics, politics, and society. Accordingly, globalization has an impact on cultural identity. As societies become even more connected, there are concerns that cultural identities will become homogenized through the increased level of connection and communication. However, there are alternative perspectives on this issue.<ref name="Wright 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Craig S |date=2022 |title=The Changes to Cultural Identity in a Global World |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4001611 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4001611 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For instance, Wright theorizes that "The spread of global culture and globalised ideas has led to many movements designed to embrace the uniqueness and diversity of an individual's particular culture."<ref name="Wright 2022"/>