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D-loop replication
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==Importance== The D-loop region is important for [[phylogeography|phylogeographic]] studies. Because the region does not code for any genes, it is not imperative for this region to remain conserved over time, therefore, it is free to mutate with only a few [[natural selection|selective]] limitations on size and heavy/light strand factors. The [[mutation rate]] is among the fastest of anywhere in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes in animals. Using these [[mutation]]s in the D-loop, recent and rapid [[evolution]]ary changes can effectively be tracked such as within [[species]] and among very closely related species. Due to the high mutation rate, it is not effective in tracking evolutionary changes that are not recent. This is a very common use of the D-loop in genomics.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burger |display-authors=et al | year = 2003 | title = Unique mitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals | journal = PNAS | volume = 100 | issue = 3| pages = 892–897 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0336115100| pmid = 12552117| pmc = 298697|bibcode=2003PNAS..100..892B |doi-access=free }}</ref> One example of the use of D-loop mutations in phylogeographic studies was the phylogeny assembled using the highly unstudied red deer on the Iberian peninsula. Scientist tracked the D-loop [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphisms]] within these red deer and determined the genetic relationship that these deer had among each other. They were also able to determine the relationships, based on D-loop similarities and differences, between these red deer and other deer throughout Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández-García|first1=J. L.|last2=Carranza|first2=J.|last3=Martínez|first3=J. G.|last4=Randi|first4=E.|date=2014-03-01|title=Mitochondrial D-loop phylogeny signals two native Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus) Lineages genetically different to Western and Eastern European red deer and infers human-mediated translocations|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=537–554|doi=10.1007/s10531-013-0585-2|bibcode=2014BiCon..23..537F |s2cid=14719183|issn=0960-3115}}</ref> In another example, scientist used the variations in the D-loop, along with [[microsatellite]] markers, to study and map out the genetic diversity among goats in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silva|display-authors=et al|date=2016|title=Genetic diversity analysis of major Sri Lankan goat populations using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA D-loop variations|journal=Small Ruminant Research|volume=148|pages=51–61|doi=10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.030|hdl=11449/178557|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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