Editing David Astor (section)

==Career==
In 1936, Astor joined the ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' newspaper, where he worked for a year before joining his father's newspaper, ''[[The Observer]]'', which he would edit for 27 years.<ref name="NYTObit2001"/> With his father's advancing age, and high inheritance taxes in England, in 1945 David Astor and his brother transferred ownership of the paper to a board of trustees. The trust contained restrictions so that the paper could not be subject to a hostile takeover but also stipulated that its profits go towards improving the newspaper, promoting high [[journalistic standards]], and required a portion of the profits to be donated to charitable causes.<ref name="Astor"/>

In 1945, Astor purchased the [[Manor House (Sutton Courtenay)|Manor House at Sutton Courtenay]], Oxfordshire, living there and restoring [[The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay|The Abbey]] in the village, which he bought in 1958 and was across the road from the Manor House.<ref name=glossonthemill>{{cite web |title=The gloss on the mill |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3342935/The-gloss-on-the-mill.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302163446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3342935/The-gloss-on-the-mill.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph |date=2 July 2005 |accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> He leased The Abbey to the [[Ockenden Venture]], which used it as a home for refugee children.

===''Observer'' editor===
Astor became the editor of ''The Observer'' in 1948 and by the mid-1950s, he had made ''The Observer'' a successful and influential paper that published points of view from the right and left.<ref name="Astor" /><ref name="Lycett"/> Astor's policies were passionate about the plight of black Africans and the violation of human rights. He wrote against the death penalty and opposed all censorship. But, he took a more conservative view on the economic problems caused by high taxes and believed British trades unions had become too powerful and were hindering economic progress. He warned of the dangers of big government and of big business, influenced by his friend and employee of ''The Observer'', [[George Orwell]].<ref name="Astor"/><ref name="Campbell">{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=John|title='David Astor', by Jeremy Lewis|url=https://www.ft.com/content/06c42364-d9a1-11e5-a72f-1e7744c66818 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/06c42364-d9a1-11e5-a72f-1e7744c66818 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>

Astor broadly supported the [[Cold War]] [[containment]] policies of [[NATO|Atlantic alliance]] and consequently had difficulties with ''The Observer''<nowiki/>'s foreign editor, the German emigre [[Sebastian Haffner]]. Haffner was unwilling to dismiss the March 1952 [[Stalin Note]] with its offer of Soviet withdrawal in return for German neutrality. In 1954 he accepted a financially generous offer to transfer to Berlin as ''The Observer's'' German correspondent but again broke with Astor in 1961 when ''The Observer'' refused to call for a more forceful allied response to the building of the [[Berlin Wall]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=SPIEGEL|first=Michael Sontheimer, DER|title=Sebastian Haffner: Der virtuelle Engländer|url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/sebastian-haffner-der-virtuelle-englaender-a-173537.html|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.spiegel.de|language=de}}</ref>

With Haffner, in the late 1940s Astor was one of the so-called Shanghai Club (named after a restaurant in Soho) of liberal/left-leaning and emigre journalists that included Orwell, [[Isaac Deutscher]] (who as a roving European correspondent also wrote for the ''Observer''), [[E. H. Carr]], [[Barbara Ward, Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth|Barbara Ward]], and [[Jon Kimche]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koutsopanagou|first=Gioula|title=The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949: Orchestrating the Cold-War 'Consensus' in Britain|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020|isbn=978-1137551559|location=London|pages=52–53}}</ref>

In 1956, David Astor and his newspaper came under fire when it accused Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] of lying to the people about important matters in [[Suez Crisis]]. Although he ultimately was shown to have been right, the situation harmed the paper's image and its circulation and advertising revenue began to decline. Astor's causes included playing a main role in establishing [[Amnesty International]] in 1961 after his paper published "The Forgotten Prisoners" by [[Peter Benenson]]. He also voiced strong opposition to the [[apartheid]] policy of the white South African government and supported the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). [[Nelson Mandela]] would refer to Astor as one of the best and most loyal of friends who had supported the ANC when other newspapers ignored them.<ref name="Astor"/>

Despite his great wealth, David Astor lived modestly, putting his money to good use through a network of benefactions and charities. Although he proved a brilliant editor, he lacked the drive for profits like other newcomers to the business who took advantage to increase rapidly both their advertising and circulation at the expense of ''The Observer''. When ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' launched a Sunday edition in 1961 it changed what had been a staid industry and the ensuing battles for advertising changed the character of how and what newspapers were all about. The aggressive marketing by ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' under Canadian newspaper tycoon [[Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet|Roy Thomson]] hurt circulation while the paper's unions were making repeated demands that drove costs to a point where the operation became an unsustainable business.<ref name="Astor"/>

In April 1962, Astor gave a speech about the roots of political extremism, which led to the formation of the [[Columbus Centre]], led by Professor [[Norman Cohn]], and which became a research centre at the [[University of Sussex]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/pioneering-the-study-of-inhumanity/2012061.article|title=Pioneering the study of inhumanity|first=Matthew|last=Reisz|work=Times Higher Education Supplement|date=16 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref>