Editing Dayr al-Qassi (section)

==History==
The first part of the village name, ''Dayr'' ("monastery") suggest that the village might have had a monastery and a Christian population. However, in modern times the population was [[Muslim]]. According to the residents of the village, ancient artifacts from the Canaanite, Israelite and Roman period were unearthed in the Ottoman and [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] period.<ref name="Khalidi 1992, p.12" />

Ceramics from the late [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eras have been found here.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 648</ref>

In the [[Crusader states|Crusader era]] it was known as ''Cassie'', and in 1183 it was noted that  ''[[Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus#Chamberlain|Godfrey de Tor]]'' sold  the land of the village  to [[Joscelin III, Count of Edessa|Joscelin III]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n31/mode/1up 15]-16, No. 16; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n171/mode/1up 125], No. 624; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264</ref> In 1220  Jocelyn III's daughter [[Beatrix de Courtenay]] and her husband [[Otto von Botenlauben]], [[House of Henneberg|Count of Henneberg]],  sold  their land, including ''Cassie'' and the nearby ''Roeis'' ([[Tel Rosh|Khirbet Tell ‘er-Ruwesah/Tel Rosh]]), to the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up 43]- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up 248], No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264.</ref>

Remains from the  [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era have been found in the area.<ref>Lerer, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 Elqosh]
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===Ottoman Empire===
Dayr al-Qassi was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517 and it belonged to the  ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict)  of ''Jira'', part of the [[Safad Sanjak]] (District of Safed). In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]] Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 24 [[Muslim]] household; an estimated 132 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rated of 25% on a number of crops, including [[wheat]] and [[barley]], as well as on goats and beehives; a total of 345 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and  Abdulfattah, 1977,  p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that  the register that  Hütteroth and  Abdulfattah  studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref>

In the early 18th century, Dayr al-Qassi was a fortified village controlled by a local [[sheikh]] (chief) named Abd al-Khaliq Salih. In 1740, Sheikh [[Zahir al-Umar]], a local ''[[multazim]]'' (tax farmer) from the [[Banu Zaydan]] family whose strength was growing throughout the [[Galilee]], struggled to gain control of Dayr al-Qassi. Later that year, he made the village part of his domain by marrying Sheikh Salih's daughter, thereby sealing an alliance with the latter's family.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 24.</ref> In late 1767, Zahir's son Ali of Safed requested control of Dayr al-Qassi from his father after his request for [[Deir Hanna|Dayr Hanna]] was rejected. Zahir refused and the two entered into an armed conflict, which Zahir won. Nonetheless, Zahir pardoned Ali and ultimately ceded the village to him.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 53.</ref>

In 1838, Dayr al-Qassi was noted as a Muslim village in the Jabal subdistrict, located west of Safed.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/133/mode/1up 133]</ref>

[[Victor Guérin]] visited Dayr al-Qassi in 1875, and he estimated that the village had 350 Muslim inhabitants.<ref name=Guerin71/> In 1881, Dayr al-Qassi was described in the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) as being situated on a ridge, encircled by fig and olive trees and arable land. It then had a population of about 200.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/197/mode/1up p.197]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12</ref> A population list from about 1887 showed Dayr al-Qassi to have  about 945 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up  190]</ref>

===British Mandate===
[[Image:Dayr al-Qasi1937.jpg|250px|thumb|Two women from Dayr al-Qassi, 1937]]
At the time of the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the  [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]], Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 663 Muslims.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], when Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 865, still all Muslims, living in a total of 169 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 106].</ref>

Later, Dayr al-Qassi was mostly Muslim but had a large [[Palestinian Christian]] minority. According to the [[Village Statistics, 1945| 1945 census]] it had 1,250 inhabitants; 370 Christians and 880 Muslims.<ref name=1945p4/><ref name=1945data>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf ''Village Statistics April 1945,'' The Palestine Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=June 9, 2012}}, p. 2</ref> Together with the two villages of [[Fassuta]] and [[al-Mansura, Acre|al-Mansura]], the  population was 2,300 and their total land area was 34,011 dunums.<ref name=Hadawip40>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref> 1,607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,475 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-080.jpg 80]</ref> while 247  dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-130.jpg 130]</ref>

===Israel===
During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] Dayr al-Qassi was defended by the [[Arab Liberation Army]] but the village was occupied by the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Army]] during its offensive [[Operation Hiram]] on October 30, 1948.<ref name=Khalidi13/> At the same time, Dayr al-Qassi was bombed by the Israelis, which they claimed was "by mistake", and seven residents were killed.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2014.886833 | doi=10.1080/13531042.2014.886833 | title=Oral testimonies, archival sources, and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War: A close look at the occupation of a Galilean village | year=2014 | last1=Peled | first1=Kobi | journal=Journal of Israeli History | volume=33 | pages=41–61 | s2cid=159504045 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> In December 1948, there was a suggestion of sending new Jewish immigrants to settle [[al-Bassa]], Dayr al-Qassi  and [[Tarshiha]], but [[Aharon Zisling]] objected to sending militarily untrained immigrants there.<ref>Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394];  note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413  #332]</ref>  

However, in January 1949, the [[Provisional government of Israel|Cabinet]] voted to "encourage introducing ‘[[olim]] into all the abandoned villages in the Galilee".<ref>Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394];  note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413 #333]</ref> The village's residents were (again) expelled on 27 May 1949 and most migrated north into [[Lebanon]].<ref name=Khalidi13/> By June 1949, it was reported that the whole northern area had been "Judaised", including Tarshiha, [[Suhmata]], Dayr al-Qassi,  [[Tarbikha]], [[Meirun]], [[al-Sammu'i]], [[Safsaf]] and [[al-Ras al-Ahmar]].<ref>Morris, 2004, pp.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA381 381]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA382 382];  note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA409 #226]</ref> 

[[Elkosh]] was established in 1949, and occupies part of the village site. [[Netu'a]], founded in 1966, [[Mattat]], founded in 1979 and [[Abirim]], founded in 1980, are also on village land. Netu'a is near the neighboring village of [[Al-Mansura, Acre|al-Mansura]].<ref name=Khalidi13/>

The Palestinian historian, [[Walid Khalidi]], described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "A few stone houses still are used as residences or warehouses by the inhabitants of Elqosh. The debris of destroyed houses is strewn over the site. The school building stands deserted. Fig and olive trees and cactuses grow on the site."<ref name=Khalidi13/> In 2004, some of the remains of the village were removed by mechanical equipment during excavations by the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]].<ref>Braun, 2004, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518120938/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |date=2013-05-18 }}</ref>

In 2000, a book about the village history was published by Ibrahim Khalil Uthman.<ref>Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA285 285]</ref>