Editing Delaware languages (section)

==Geographic distribution==
''Lenni Lenape'' means 'Human Beings' or the 'Real People' in the Unami language.<ref name=p422>Pritzker 422</ref> Their [[Endonym|autonym]] is also spelled ''Lennape'' or ''Lenapi'', in Unami {{lang|unm|Lënape}}<ref>Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Talking Dictionary: [http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=3882 Lënape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019200607/http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=3882 |date=2014-10-19 }}</ref> and in Munsee {{Lang|umu|Lunaapeew}}<ref>[http://www.lenape.ca Lunaapeew - Delaware Nation - Lunaapeew Language - Lenape - Moraviantown, Ontario] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113093155/http://www.lenape.ca/ |date=2014-01-13 }}</ref> meaning 'the people.' The term ''Delaware'' was used by the English, who named the people for their territory by the [[Delaware River]]. They named the river in honor of [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr|Lord De La Warr]], the governor of the colony at [[Jamestown, Virginia]].<ref name=p422/> The English colonists used the [[exonym]] ''Delaware'' for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.

It is estimated that as late as the 17th century there were approximately forty Lenape local village bands{{where|date=July 2019}} with populations of possibly a few hundred persons per group. Estimates for the early contact period vary considerably, with a range of 8,000{{snd}}12,000 given.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213</ref> Other estimates for approximately 1600 AD suggest 6,500 Unami and 4,500 Munsee, with data lacking for Long Island Munsee.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 214, Table 1</ref> These groups were never united politically or linguistically, and the names ''Delaware, '' ''Munsee, '' and ''Unami'' postdate the period of consolidation of these local groups.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213" /> The earliest use of the term ''Munsee'' was recorded in 1727, and ''Unami'' in 1757.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xvii">Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xvii</ref>

At the time of first contact of Europeans colonizers in the 17th century, the Lenape resided in relatively small communities consisting of a few hundred people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=M|date=2009|title=Endangered Languages, Linguistics, and Culture: Researching and Reviving the Unami Language of the Lenape|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/Linguistics/LenapeLanguageResources/pdf/2Hoffmann_thesis.pdf|journal=Anthropology and Linguistics}}</ref> The intensity of contact with European settlers resulted in the gradual displacement of some of the Lenape people from their aboriginal homeland, in a series of population movements of [[genocidal intent]] involving forced relocation and consolidation of small local groups, extending over a period of more than two hundred years.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213" /> This is also referred to as The Long Walk. It was due to the new United States breaking the first treaty it had ever signed. The currently used names were gradually applied to the larger groups resulting from the genocidal forced relocation  policy of the United States. The ultimate result was the displacement of virtually all Lenape-speaking people from the region to present-day [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Upstate New York]], and [[Canada]].

Two distinct Unami-speaking groups emerged in Oklahoma in the late 19th century, the Registered (Cherokee) Delaware in Washington, Nowata, and Craig Counties, and the Absentee Delaware of Caddo County.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 224">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 224</ref> Until recently there were a small number of Unami speakers in Oklahoma; the language is now [[extinct language|extinct]] there as a first language, but is spoken fluently as a learned language by enrolled members of the two Delaware tribes in Oklahoma. Some language revitalization work is underway by the [[Delaware Nation|Delaware Tribe]] of Indians.

Equally affected by consolidation and dispersal, Munsee groups moved to several locations in southern Ontario as early as the late 18th century, to [[Moravian 47, Ontario|Moraviantown]], [[Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario|Munceytown]], and [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Six Nations]]. Several different patterns of migration led to groups of Munsee speakers moving to [[Stockbridge-Munsee Community|Stockbridge]] in present-day [[Wisconsin]], [[Cattaraugus Reservation, Erie County, New York|Cattaraugus]] in present-day [[New York (state)|New York]] state, and [[Kansas]].<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 220-224">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 220-224</ref> In 1892 the Munsee-Delaware and Moraviantown children were sent to Mount Elgin Residential School where only English language was permitted to be spoken.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mount Elgin Industrial School|url=https://thechildrenremembered.ca/school-histories/mount-elgin/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Children Remembered|language=en-US}}</ref> The Lenape language began its disappearance along the Grand River in Six Nations and to rapidly vanish in Munsee-Delaware Nation. Only in Moraviantown the Lenape language was used on a daily basis from a majority of the nation and help on the preservation of the language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrington|first=M|date=1908|title=Vestiges of Material Culture among the Canadian Delawares|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=10|issue=3|pages=408–418|doi=10.1525/aa.1908.10.3.02a00040|jstor=659860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Today Munsee survives only at Moraviantown, where there are two fluent first language speakers aged 77 and 90 as of 2018. There are no fluent speakers left in the Munsee-Delaware nation of the Lenape people living in Canada; however, there are members that are working to revitalize the language within the community.<ref name=":0" />

=== Language revitalization ===
From 2009 through at least 2014, a Lenape language class was taught at [[Swarthmore College]] in [[Swarthmore, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hornberger |first1=Nancy H. |last2=De Korne |first2=Haley |last3=Weinberg |first3=Miranda |date=2016-01-02 |title=Ways of Talking (and Acting) About Language Reclamation: An Ethnographic Perspective on Learning Lenape in Pennsylvania |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2016.1113135 |journal=Journal of Language, Identity & Education |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=44–58 |doi=10.1080/15348458.2016.1113135 |s2cid=146277852 |issn=1534-8458}}</ref> The class focused on beginner phrases and grammar, but also included information about the history and culture of the Lenape people. Books used in the class included ''Conversations in Lenape Language'' and ''Advanced Supplements'' (both written by De Paul).<ref name=":1" />

=== Dialects and varieties ===
Munsee and Unami are linguistically very similar. They are both dialects of one language by [[Lenape]] speakers, and together are referred to as the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, as can be seen in the ''Grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians'', written by the Moravian missionary [[David Zeisberger]] and published in a translation from German into English by [[Peter Stephen Du Ponceau|Peter Stephen du Ponceau]] in 1827. Zeisberger does not even mention the "dialect" names when describing varying grammatical features, while the translator refers to them in two annotations.<ref>Zeisberger, 1827, p. [https://archive.org/stream/grammaroflanguag00zeis#page/36/mode/2up 36], [https://archive.org/stream/grammaroflanguag00zeis#page/n57/mode/2up 57].</ref> Despite their relative closeness the two are sufficiently distinguished by features of syntax, phonology, and vocabulary that speakers of both consider them not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] so that, more recently, linguists have treated them as separate languages.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. v</ref>

Munsee Delaware was spoken in the central and lower [[Hudson River|Hudson River Valley]], western [[Long Island]], the upper [[Delaware River|Delaware River Valley]], and the northern third of [[New Jersey]] in present-day [[North Jersey]].<ref name="Goddard, Ives 1997, p. 43">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 213-214; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 43</ref> While dialect variation in Munsee was likely there is no information about possible dialectal subgroupings.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1978, p. 72</ref>

Unami Delaware was spoken in the area south of Munsee speakers in the Delaware River Valley and New Jersey, south of the [[Delaware Water Gap]] and the [[Central Jersey|Raritan Valley]].<ref name="Goddard, Ives 1997, p. 43" />

Three dialects of Unami are distinguished: Northern Unami, Southern Unami, and Unalachtigo.

Northern Unami, now extinct, is recorded in large amounts of materials collected by Moravian missionaries but is not reflected in the speech of any modern groups.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 14; Goddard, Ives, 1979</ref> The Northern Unami groups were south of the Munsee groups, with the southern boundary of the Northern Unami area being at Tohickon Creek on the west bank of the Delaware River and between Burlington and Trenton on the east bank.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 215">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 215</ref>

The poorly known Unalachtigo dialect is described as having been spoken in the area between Northern and Southern Unami, with only a small amount of evidence from one group.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 215" />

Southern Unami, to the south of the Northern Unami-Unalachtigo area, is reflected in the Unami Delaware spoken by Delawares in Oklahoma.<ref name="Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 215" />

===Ethnonyms===
Names for the speakers of Munsee and Unami are used in complex ways in both [[English language|English]] and the Lenape language. The Unami dialect (called a language by non-native speaker students of Lenape) is sometimes called ''Delaware'' or ''Delaware proper,'' reflecting the original application of the term ''Delaware'' to Unami speakers.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1978, p. 73; Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xviii</ref> Both Munsee and Unami speakers use ''Delaware'' if enrolled and ''Lenape'' if not enrolled as a self-designation in English.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 103</ref>

The Unamis residing in Oklahoma are sometimes referred to as ''Oklahoma Delaware'', while the Munsees in Ontario are sometimes referred to as ''Ontario Delaware'' or ''Canadian Delaware.''<ref>See e.g. Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 1-2; Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 103</ref>

Munsee-speaking residents of Moraviantown use the English term ''Munsee'' to refer to residents of Munceytown, approximately {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} to the east and refer to themselves in English as "Delaware", and in Munsee as {{IPA|/lənáːpeːw/|lang=umn}} 'Delaware person, Indian'.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 1</ref> Oklahoma Delawares refer to Ontario Delaware as {{IPA|/mwə́nsi/|lang=umn}} or {{IPA|/mɔ́nsi/|lang=umn}}, terms that are also used for people of Munsee ancestry in their own communities.

Some Delawares at Moraviantown also use the term [[Christian Munsee|''Christian Indian'']] as a preferred self-designation in English.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 106</ref> The equivalent Munsee term is {{lang|umu|ké·ntə̆we·s}}, meaning "one who prays, Moravian convert".<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 237</ref>

Munsee speakers refer to Oklahoma Delawares as ''Unami'' in English or {{IPA|/wə̆ná·mi·w/|lang=umu}} in Munsee. The [[Oklahoma]] Delawares refer to themselves in English as ''Delaware'' and in Unami as {{IPA|/ləná·p·e/|lang=unm}}.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 2</ref>

The name ''[[Lenape]]'', which is sometimes used in English for both Delaware languages together, is the name Unami speakers also use for their own language in English,<ref>Mithun, Marianne, 1999</ref><ref>[http://delawaretribe.org/ Delaware Tribe of Indians]: [http://www.talk-lenape.org/ Lenape talking dictionary]</ref> whereas Munsee speakers call their language in English {{lang|umu|Lunaapeew}}.<ref>[http://lenape.ca/ Lenape.ca - The Delaware Nation Language, Cultural & Historical Department] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204021319/http://lenape.ca/ |date=2013-12-04 }}. Our Departments vision: To ensure Lunaapeew Language transmission for future generations.</ref> Uniquely among scholars, Kraft uses ''Lenape'' as a cover term to refer to all Delaware-speaking groups.<ref>Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xviii; Kraft, Herbert, 1986a, p. 106</ref>

Munsee speakers refer to their language as {{IPA|/hə̀lə̆ni·xsəwá·kan/|lang=umu}}, meaning "speaking the Delaware language".<ref>O'Meara, John, 1996, p. 65</ref>