Editing Deloitte (section)

===Early history===
In 1845, [[William Welch Deloitte]] opened an office in [[Basinghall Street]] in London, England.<ref name=parker>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFFJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=Papers on Accounting History|first=R. H.|last=Parker|publisher=Garland Publishing|year=1984|page=140|isbn=9781317964018|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Deloitte was the first person to be appointed an independent auditor of a public company, namely the [[Great Western Railway]].<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/about-deloitte.html| title=About Deloitte| work=Deloitte| access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> He went on to open an office in New York in 1880.<ref name="history" /> The firm was based at No. 4 [[Lothbury]] in London from 1855 to 1905,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.taylorandfrancis.com/rabr-map.pdf|title=Accounting Historian's Map of London|publisher=Taylor and Francis|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> when it moved to No. 54 London Wall Buildings.<ref name=densem>{{cite news|url=https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1506&context=dl_hs|title=An office profile in two parts: London|first=W. Guy|last=Densem|publisher=Haskins & Sells Publications|year=1966|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

In 1890, Deloitte opened a branch office on [[Wall Street]] headed by Edward Adams and P.D. Griffiths as branch managers. This was Deloitte's first overseas venture. Other branches were soon opened in [[Chicago]] and [[Buenos Aires]]. In 1898 P.D. Griffiths returned from New York and became a partner in the London office.<ref name="Book1">{{cite book|title=Deloitte & Co.|date=1959|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

In 1896, [[Charles Waldo Haskins]] and [[Elijah Watt Sells]] formed Haskins & Sells in New York.<ref name="history" /> It was later described as "the first major auditing firm to be established in the country by American rather than British accountants".<ref>[http://fisher.osu.edu/departments/accounting-and-mis/the-accounting-hall-of-fame/membership-in-hall/elijah-watt-sells Elijah Watt Sells] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704125102/http://fisher.osu.edu/departments/accounting-and-mis/the-accounting-hall-of-fame/membership-in-hall/elijah-watt-sells |date=4 July 2016 }}, "The Accounting Hall of Fame", [[Fisher College of Business]]. Retrieved 7 August 2013.</ref>

In 1898, [[George Touche]] established an office in London and then, in 1900, joined John Ballantine Niven in establishing the firm of Touche Niven in the Johnston Building at 30 [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] in New York.<ref name="history" />

On 1 March 1933, Colonel Arthur Hazelton Carter, President of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants and managing partner of Haskins & Sells, testified before the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency]]. Carter helped convince [[United States Congress|Congress]] that independent audits should be mandatory for [[Public company|public companies]].<ref name="history" />

[[File:William welch deloitte small.jpg|thumb|upright|William Welch Deloitte, founder of Deloitte]]

In 1947, [[Detroit]] accountant George Bailey, then president of the [[American Institute of Certified Public Accountants]], launched his own organization. The new entity enjoyed such a positive start that in less than a year, the partners merged with Touche Niven and A. R. Smart to form Touche, Niven, Bailey & Smart.<ref name="history" /> Headed by Bailey, the organization grew rapidly, in part by creating a dedicated [[management consulting]] function. It also forged closer links with organizations established by the co-founder of Touche Niven, George Touche: the Canadian organization Ross and the British organization George A. Touche.<ref name="history" /> In 1960, the firm was renamed Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart, becoming Touche Ross in 1969.<ref name="history" /> In 1968 [[Nobuzo Tohmatsu]] formed Tohmatsu Aoki & Co, a firm based in Japan that was to become part of the Touche Ross network in 1975.<ref name="history" /> In 1972 Robert Trueblood, Chairman of Touche Ross, led the committee responsible for recommending the establishment of the [[Financial Accounting Standards Board]].<ref name="history" />

Meanwhile, the head office of Deloitte's firm moved to No. 128 [[Queen Victoria Street, London|Queen Victoria Street]] in London in September 1964.<ref name=densem/> In 1972, Deloitte's firm (by then known as Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths & Co.) merged with Haskins & Sells to form Deloitte Haskins & Sells.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Simplified Family Tree for the Firm of Deloitte Haskins & Sells|url=http://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/library/subjects/accounting-history/family-trees/family-tree-deloitte-haskins-sells.ashx?la=en|website=Icaew.com|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

In 1989, Deloitte Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross in the US to form Deloitte & Touche. The merged firm was led jointly by [[J. Michael Cook]] and Edward A. Kangas. Led by the UK partnership, a smaller number of Deloitte Haskins & Sells member firms rejected the merger with Touche Ross and shortly thereafter merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte (later to merge with Price Waterhouse to become [[PwC]]).<ref name=NYT>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/05/business/deloitte-touche-merger-done.html Deloitte Touche merger done] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Some member firms of Touche Ross also rejected the merger with Deloitte Haskins & Sells and merged with other firms.<ref name=NYT /> In the UK, Touche Ross merged with Spicer & Oppenheim in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spicer & Oppenheim|url=https://www.icaew.com/en/library/historical-resources/guide-to-historical-resources/firm-histories/whats-in-a-name/spicer-and-oppenheim|website=ICAEW.com}}</ref>