Editing Depression (mood) (section)

=== Life events ===
[[Adverse childhood experiences|Adversity in childhood]], such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings, can contribute to depression in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB | title = The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 693–710 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18602762 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 | s2cid = 2629673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pillemer K, Suitor JJ, Pardo S, Henderson C | title = Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children | journal = Journal of Marriage and the Family | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–345 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20607119 | pmc = 2894713 | doi = 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x }}</ref> Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG | title = Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = International Journal of Public Health | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 359–72 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24122075 | doi = 10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5 | s2cid = 24138761 }}</ref> People who have experienced four or more [[adverse childhood experiences]] are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression.<ref name="Anda2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH |date=April 2006 |title=The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 |pmc=3232061 |pmid=16311898}}</ref> Poor housing quality, non-functionality, lack of [[Urban green space|green spaces]], and exposure to noise and air pollution are linked to depressive moods, emphasizing the need for consideration in planning to prevent such outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rautio |first1=Nina |last2=Filatova |first2=Svetlana |last3=Lehtiniemi |first3=Heli |last4=Miettunen |first4=Jouko |date=February 2018 |title=Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.1177/0020764017744582 |issn=0020-7640|doi-access=free |pmid=29212385 }}</ref> Locality has also been linked to depression and other negative moods. The rate of depression among those who reside in large urban areas is shown to be lower than those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stier |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Schertz |first2=Kathryn E. |last3=Rim |first3=Nak Won |last4=Berman |first4=Mark G. |title=Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=31 |date=August 2021 |pmid=34315817 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022472118|doi-access=free |pmc=8346882 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822472S }}</ref> Likewise, those from smaller towns and rural areas tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological unwellness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Willroth |first1=Emily C. |last2=Graham |first2=Elieen K. |last3=Luo |first3=Jing |last4=Mrocezk |first4=Daniel K. |last5=Lewis-Thames |first5=Marquita W. |title=Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |date=February 2023 |pmc=10390645 |pmid=36725776 |doi=10.1111/jopy.12818}}</ref>

Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rotenstein |first1=Lisa S. |last2=Ramos |first2=Marco A. |last3=Torre |first3=Matthew |last4=Segal |first4=J. Bradley |last5=Peluso |first5=Michael J. |last6=Guille |first6=Constance |last7=Sen |first7=Srijan |last8=Mata |first8=Douglas A. |date=6 December 2016 |title=Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=21 |pages=2214–2236 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.17324 |pmc=5613659 |pmid=27923088}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mata |first1=Douglas A. |last2=Ramos |first2=Marco A. |last3=Bansal |first3=Narinder |last4=Khan |first4=Rida |last5=Guille |first5=Constance |last6=Di Angelantonio |first6=Emanuele |last7=Sen |first7=Srijan |date=8 December 2015 |title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=22 |pages=2373–83 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15845 |pmc=4866499 |pmid=26647259}}</ref><ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Pauline W. |date=7 October 2010 |title=Medical Student Distress and the Risk of Doctor Suicide |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/health/views/07chen.html |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

Life events and changes that may cause depressed mood includes, but are not limited to, childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, military service, family, living conditions, marriage, etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or [[catastrophic injury]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt PJ | title = Mood, depression, and reproductive hormones in the menopausal transition | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 12B | pages = 54–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16414327 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Tariq |last2=Haider |first2=Ijaz |title=Life Events and Depression |journal=Annals of Punjab Medical College |date=31 January 2008 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.29054/apmc/2008.621 |doi-broken-date=21 November 2024 |url=https://apmcfmu.com/index.php/apmc/article/view/621 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mata DA, Ramos MA, Bansal N, Khan R, Guille C, Di Angelantonio E, Sen S | title = Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 314 | issue = 22 | pages = 2373–83 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26647259 | pmc = 4866499 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.15845 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIMH » Perinatal Depression|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression/index.shtml|access-date=29 October 2020|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327041425/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postpartum Depression|url=https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727211033/https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar depressive symptoms are associated with [[Survivor guilt|survivor's guilt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fimiani |first1=Ramona |last2=Gazzillo |first2=Francesco |last3=Dazzi |first3=Nino |last4=Bush |first4=Marshall |date=2022-07-03 |title=Survivor guilt: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical features |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246 |journal=International Forum of Psychoanalysis |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=176–190 |doi=10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246 |issn=0803-706X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following [[social rejection]], peer pressure, or bullying.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davey CG, Yücel M, Allen NB | title = The emergence of depression in adolescence: development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17570526 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016 | s2cid = 20800688 }}</ref>

==== Childhood and adolescence ====
{{Main|Depression in childhood and adolescence}}
Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults.<ref name="Birmaher">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl RE, Perel J, Nelson B |date=November 1996 |title=Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1427–1439 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 |pmid=8936909 |s2cid=11623499}}</ref> Children who are under stress, experiencing loss, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with [[mental disorders]] outside of other mood disorders; most commonly [[anxiety disorder]] and [[conduct disorder]]. Depression also tends to run in families.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Depressed Child |url=https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/The-Depressed-Child-4.aspx |work=Facts for Families |issue=4 |publisher=The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |date=July 2013 }}</ref>