Editing Diesel engine (section)

==History==

===Diesel's idea===
[[File:Lumbar patent dieselengine.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]'s 1893 patent on a rational heat motor]]
[[File:Experimental Diesel Engine.jpg|thumb|right|Diesel's second prototype. It is a modification of the first experimental engine. On 17 February 1894, this engine ran under its own power for the first time.<ref name="Diesel_1913_22" /><br /><br />Effective efficiency 16.6% <br />Fuel consumption 519&nbsp;g·kW<sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>]]
[[File:Historical Diesel engine in Deutsches Museum.jpg|thumb|right|First fully functional diesel engine, designed by Imanuel Lauster, built from scratch, and finished by October 1896.<ref name="Diesel_1913_64" /><ref name="Diesel_1913_75" /><ref name="Diesel_1913_78" /><br /><br />Rated power 13.1&nbsp;kW<br />Effective efficiency 26.2% <br />Fuel consumption 324&nbsp;g·kW<sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>.]]

In 1878, [[Rudolf Diesel]], who was a student at the [[Technical University of Munich#Foundation of "Polytechnische Schule München"|"Polytechnikum"]] in [[Munich]], attended the lectures of [[Carl von Linde]]. Linde explained that steam engines are capable of converting just 6–10% of the heat energy into work, but that the [[Carnot cycle]] allows conversion of much more of the heat energy into work by means of isothermal change in condition. According to Diesel, this ignited the idea of creating a highly efficient engine that could work on the Carnot cycle.<ref name="Diesel_1913_1" /> Diesel was also introduced to a [[fire piston]], a traditional [[fire making|fire starter]] using rapid [[adiabatic]] compression principles which Linde had acquired from [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="ogata">{{Cite web |last1=Ogata |first1=Masanori |last2=Shimotsuma |first2=Yorikazu |date=October 20–21, 2002 |title=Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia |url=http://inet.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/conference02/MasanoriOGATA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523214754/http://inet.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/conference02/MasanoriOGATA.html |archive-date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=2007-05-28 |website=First International Conference on Business and technology Transfer |publisher=Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers}}</ref> After several years of working on his ideas, Diesel published them in 1893 in the essay ''[[Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor]]''.<ref name="Diesel_1913_1" />

====Constant temperature====
Diesel was heavily criticised for his essay, but only a few found the mistake that he made;<ref name="Sittauer_1990_70" /> his ''rational heat motor'' was supposed to utilise a constant temperature cycle (with isothermal compression) that would require a much higher level of compression than that needed for compression ignition. Diesel's idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion. However, such an engine could never perform any usable work.<ref name="Sittauer_1990_71" /><ref name="Sass_1962_398" /><ref name="Sass_1962_399" /> In his 1892 US patent (granted in 1895) #542846, Diesel describes the compression required for his cycle:<ref name="Diesel_1895" />

{{blockquote|pure atmospheric air is compressed, according to curve 1 2, to such a degree that, before ignition or combustion takes place, the highest pressure of the diagram and the highest temperature are obtained-that is to say, the temperature at which the subsequent combustion has to take place, not the burning or igniting point. To make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the initial pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres, and so on. Into the air thus compressed is then gradually introduced from the exterior finely divided fuel, which ignites on introduction, since the air is at a temperature far above the igniting-point of the fuel. The characteristic features of the cycle according to my present invention are therefore, increase of pressure and temperature up to the maximum, not by combustion, but prior to combustion by mechanical compression of air, and there upon the subsequent performance of work without increase of pressure and temperature by gradual combustion during a prescribed part of the stroke determined by the cut-oil.}}

====Constant pressure====
By June 1893, Diesel had realised his original cycle would not work, and he adopted the constant pressure cycle.<ref name="Sass_1962_402" /> Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion. Now it is simply stated that the compression must be sufficient to trigger ignition.<ref name="Diesel_1898" /><ref name="Diesel_1893" /><ref name="e-rara.ch" />

{{blockquote|1. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder and piston constructed and arranged to compress air to a degree producing a temperature above the igniting-point of the fuel, a supply for compressed air or gas; a fuel-supply; a distributing-valve for fuel, a passage from the air supply to the cylinder in communication with the fuel-distributing valve, an inlet to the cylinder in communication with the air-supply and with the fuel-valve, and a cut-oil, substantially as described.}}

In 1892, Diesel received patents in [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Switzerland]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] for "Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work".<ref name="Diesel_1892" /> In 1894 and 1895, he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his engine; the first patents were issued in [[Spain]] (No.&nbsp;16,654),<ref>{{patent|ES|16654|"Perfeccionamientos en los motores de combustión interior."}}</ref> [[France]] (No.&nbsp;243,531) and [[Belgium]] (No.&nbsp;113,139) in December 1894, and in [[Germany]] (No.&nbsp;86,633) in 1895 and the [[United States]] (No.&nbsp;608,845) in 1898.<ref name="Diesel_1895_2" />

Diesel was attacked and criticised over several years. Critics claimed that Diesel never invented a new motor and that the invention of the diesel engine is fraud. Otto Köhler and {{ill|Emil Capitaine|de}} were two of the most prominent critics of Diesel's time.<ref name="Sass_1962_486" /> Köhler had published an essay in 1887, in which he describes an engine similar to the engine Diesel describes in his 1893 essay. Köhler figured that such an engine could not perform any work.<ref name="Sass_1962_399" /><ref name="Sass_1962_400" /> Emil Capitaine had built a petroleum engine with glow-tube ignition in the early 1890s;<ref name="Sass_1962_412" /> he claimed against his own better judgement that his glow-tube ignition engine worked the same way Diesel's engine did. His claims were unfounded and he lost a patent lawsuit against Diesel.<ref name="Sass_1962_487" /> Other engines, such as the [[Hot-bulb engine|Akroyd engine]] and the [[Brayton engine]], also use an operating cycle that is different from the diesel engine cycle.<ref name="Sass_1962_400" /><ref name="Sass_1962_414" /> [[Friedrich Sass]] says that the diesel engine is Diesel's "very own work" and that any "Diesel myth" is "[[falsification of history]]".<ref name="Sass_1962_518" />

===The first diesel engine===
Diesel sought out firms and factories that would build his engine. With the help of [[Moritz Schröter]] and {{interlanguage link|Max Friedrich Gutermuth{{!}}Max Gutermuth|de|Max Gutermuth}},<ref name="Sass_1962_395" /> he succeeded in convincing both [[Krupp]] in Essen and the [[MAN SE|Maschinenfabrik Augsburg]].<ref name="Sittauer_1990_74" /> Contracts were signed in April 1893,<ref name="Sass_1962_559" /> and in early summer 1893, Diesel's first prototype engine was built in [[Augsburg]]. On 10 August 1893, the first ignition took place, the fuel used was petrol. In winter 1893/1894, Diesel redesigned the existing engine, and by 18 January 1894, his mechanics had converted it into the second prototype.<ref name="Diesel_1913_17" /> During January that year, an [[air-blast injection]] system was added to the engine's cylinder head and tested.<ref name="Sass_1962_444" /> [[Friedrich Sass]] argues that, it can be presumed that Diesel copied the concept of air-blast injection from [[George B. Brayton]],<ref name="Sass_1962_414" /> albeit that Diesel substantially improved the system.<ref name="Sass_1962_415" /> On 17 February 1894, the redesigned engine ran for 88 revolutions – one minute;<ref name="Diesel_1913_22" /> with this news, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg's stock rose by 30%, indicative of the tremendous anticipated demands for a more efficient engine.<ref name="Moon_1974" /> On 26 June 1895, the engine achieved an effective efficiency of 16.6% and had a fuel consumption of 519&nbsp;g·kW<sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>.
<ref name="Tschöke_2018_6" /> However, despite proving the concept, the engine caused problems,<ref name="Sass_1962_462" /> and Diesel could not achieve any substantial progress.<ref name="Sass_1962_463" /> Therefore, Krupp considered rescinding the contract they had made with Diesel.<ref name="Sass_1962_464" /> Diesel was forced to improve the design of his engine and rushed to construct a third prototype engine. Between 8 November and 20 December 1895, the second prototype had successfully covered over 111 hours on the test bench. In the January 1896 report, this was considered a success.<ref name="Sass_1962_466" />

In February 1896, Diesel considered supercharging the third prototype.<ref name="Sass_1962_467" /> [[Imanuel Lauster]], who was ordered to draw the third prototype "[[Motor 250/400]]", had finished the drawings by 30 April 1896. During summer that year the engine was built, it was completed on 6 October 1896.<ref name="Sass_1962_474" /> Tests were conducted until early 1897.<ref name="Sass_1962_475" /> First public tests began on 1 February 1897.<ref name="Sass_1962_479" /> [[Moritz Schröter]]'s test on 17 February 1897 was the main test of Diesel's engine. The engine was rated 13.1&nbsp;kW with a specific fuel consumption of 324&nbsp;g·kW<sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>,<ref name="Sass_1962_480" /> resulting in an effective efficiency of 26.2%.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_7" /><ref name="Mau_1984_7" /> By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire.<ref name="Sass_1962_484" />

===Timeline===
====1890s====
* 1893: [[Rudolf Diesel]]'s essay titled ''[[Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor]]'' appears.<ref name="Diesel_1893_EN" /><ref name="Diesel_1893_1" />
* 1893: February 21, Diesel and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.<ref name="Diesel_1913_6" />
* 1893: February 23, Diesel obtains a patent (RP 67207) titled "''Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungsmaschinen''" (Working Methods and Techniques for Internal Combustion Engines).
* 1893: April 10, Diesel and Krupp sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.<ref name="Diesel_1913_6" />
* 1893: April 24, both Krupp and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg decide to collaborate and build just a single prototype in Augsburg.<ref name="Diesel_1913_6" /><ref name="Sass_1962_559" />
* 1893: July, the first prototype is completed.<ref name="Diesel_1913_8" />
* 1893: August 10, Diesel injects fuel (petrol) for the first time, resulting in combustion, destroying the [[Indicator diagram|indicator]].<ref name="Diesel_1913_13" />
* 1893: November 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 82168) for a modified combustion process. He obtains it on 12 July 1895.<ref name="Diesel_1913_21" /><ref>{{patent|DE|82168|"Verbrennungskraftmaschine mit veränderlicher Dauer der unter wechselndem Überdruck stattfindenden Brennstoffeinführung"}}</ref><ref name="Sass_1962_408" />
* 1894: January 18, after the first prototype was modified to become the second prototype, testing with the second prototype begins.<ref name="Diesel_1913_17" />
* 1894: February 17, The second prototype runs for the first time.<ref name="Diesel_1913_22" />
* 1895: March 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 86633) for a starting process with compressed air.<ref name="Diesel_1913_38" />
* 1895: June 26, the second prototype passes brake testing for the first time.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_6" />
* 1895: Diesel applies for a second patent US Patent # 608845<ref name="Diesel_1895_EN" />
* 1895: November 8 – December 20, a series of tests with the second prototype is conducted. In total, 111 operating hours are recorded.<ref name="Sass_1962_466" />
* 1896: April 30, [[Imanuel Lauster]] completes the third and final prototype's drawings.<ref name="Sass_1962_474" />
* 1896: October 6, the third and final prototype engine is completed.<ref name="Diesel_1913_64" />
* 1897: February 1, Diesel's prototype engine is running and finally ready for efficiency testing and production.<ref name="Sass_1962_479" />
* 1897: October 9, [[Adolphus Busch]] licenses rights to the diesel engine for the US and Canada.<ref name="Sass_1962_484" /><ref name="Busch" />
* 1897: 29 October, Rudolf Diesel obtains a patent (DRP 95680) on supercharging the diesel engine.<ref name="Sass_1962_467" />
* 1898: February 1, the Diesel Motoren-Fabrik Actien-Gesellschaft is registered.<ref name="Sass_1962_485" />
* 1898: March, the first commercial diesel engine, rated 2×30&nbsp;PS (2×22&nbsp;kW), is installed in the Kempten plant of the Vereinigte Zündholzfabriken A.G.<ref name="Sass_1962_505" /><ref name="Sass_1962_506" />
* 1898: September 17, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is founded.<ref name="Sass_1962_493" />
* 1899: The first two-stroke diesel engine, invented by [[Hugo Güldner]], is built.<ref name="Mau_1984_7" />

====1900s====
[[File:Dieselmotor vs.jpg|thumb|right|An MAN DM trunk piston diesel engine built in 1906. The MAN DM series is considered to be one of the first commercially successful diesel engines.<ref name="Sass_1962_524" />]]
* 1901: Imanuel Lauster designs the first [[trunk piston]] diesel engine (DM 70).<ref name="Sass_1962_524" />
* 1901: By 1901, [[MAN SE|MAN]] had produced 77 diesel engine cylinders for commercial use.<ref name="Sass_1962_523" />
* 1903: Two first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for river and canal operations: The ''[[Vandal (tanker)|Vandal]]'' [[naphtha]] tanker and the ''[[Samrat (ship)|Sarmat]]''.<ref name="Sass_1962_532" />
* 1904: The French launch the first diesel [[submarine]], the [[Aigrette-class submarine|Aigrette]].<ref name="Tucker2014" />
* 1905: January 14: Diesel applies for a patent on unit injection (L20510I/46a).<ref name="Sass_1962_501" />
* 1905: The first diesel engine [[turbocharger]]s and [[intercooler]]s are manufactured by Büchi.<ref name="Hartman" />
* 1906: The Diesel Motoren-Fabrik Actien-Gesellschaft is dissolved.<ref name="Sass_1962_486" />
* 1908: Diesel's patents expire.<ref name="Sass_1962_530" />
* 1908: The first lorry ([[truck]]) with a diesel engine appears.<ref name="Reif_O_2014_7" />
* 1909: March 14, [[Prosper L'Orange]] applies for a patent on [[indirect injection#Precombustion chamber|precombustion chamber injection]].<ref name="Sass_1962_610" />  He later builds the first diesel engine with this system.<ref name="vFersen_1986_272" /><ref name="Merker_2014_382" />

====1910s====
* 1910: MAN starts making two-stroke diesel engines.<ref name="Mau_1984_8" />
* 1910: November 26, [[James McKechnie (engineer)|James McKechnie]] applies for a patent on [[unit injector|unit injection]].<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" /> Unlike Diesel, he successfully built working unit injectors.<ref name="Sass_1962_501" /><ref name="Sass_1962_502" />
* 1911: November 27, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is dissolved.<ref name="Sass_1962_485" />
* 1911: The Germania shipyard in Kiel builds {{convert|850|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} diesel engines for German submarines. These engines are installed in 1914.<ref name="Sass_1962_569" />
* 1912: MAN builds the first double-acting piston two-stroke diesel engine.<ref name="Sass_1962_545" />
* 1912: The first [[locomotive]] with a diesel engine is used on the Swiss [[Winterthur–Romanshorn railway]].<ref name="Klooster2009" />
* 1912: [[MS Selandia|MS ''Selandia'']] is the first ocean-going ship with diesel engines.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_9" />
* 1913: [[New London Ship and Engine Company|NELSECO]] diesels are installed on commercial ships and [[United States Navy|US Navy]] submarines.<ref name="RiversHarbors" />
* 1913: September 29, [[Rudolf Diesel]] dies mysteriously while crossing the [[English Channel]] on {{SS|Dresden|1896|6}}.<ref name="Solomon" />
* 1914: MAN builds {{convert|900|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} two-stroke engines for Dutch submarines.<ref name="Sass_1962_541" />
* 1919: Prosper L'Orange obtains a patent on a [[Indirect injection#Precombustion chamber|precombustion chamber]] insert incorporating a needle [[fuel injection|injection nozzle]].<ref name="Pease2003" /><ref name="AutomobileQuarterly" /><ref name="Merker_2014_382" /> First diesel engine from [[Cummins]].<ref name="Bennett2016" /><ref name="DictionaryCH" />

====1920s====
[[File:Fairbanks Morse model 32.jpg|thumb|Fairbanks Morse model 32]]
* 1923: At the Königsberg DLG exhibition, the first agricultural tractor with a diesel engine, the prototype Benz-Sendling S6, is presented.<ref name="Agritechnica_2017" />{{Better source needed|date=February 2019}}
* 1923: December 15, the first [[lorry]] with a direct-injected diesel engine is tested by MAN. The same year, Benz builds a lorry with a pre-combustion chamber injected diesel engine.<ref name="MAN_1991_XI" />
* 1923: The first two-stroke diesel engine with counterflow scavenging appears.<ref name="Mau_1984_17" />
* 1924: [[Fairbanks-Morse]] introduces the two-stroke Y-VA (later renamed to Model 32).<ref name="Oldmachinepress_2012" />
* 1925: Sendling starts mass-producing a diesel-powered agricultural tractor.<ref name="Sass_1962_644" />
* 1927: [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] introduces the first inline injection pump for motor vehicle diesel engines.<ref name="Reif_2014_31" />
* 1929: The first passenger car with a diesel engine appears. Its engine is an Otto engine modified to use the diesel principle and Bosch's injection pump. Several other diesel car prototypes follow.<ref name="vFersen_1986_274" />

====1930s====
* 1933: [[Junkers (Aircraft)|Junkers Motorenwerke]] in Germany start production of the most successful mass-produced aviation diesel engine of all time, the [[Junkers Jumo 205|Jumo 205]]. By the outbreak of [[World War II]], over 900 examples are produced. Its rated take-off power is 645&nbsp;kW.<ref name="Reif_2012_103" />
* 1933: General Motors uses its new roots-blown, unit-injected two-stroke Winton 201A diesel engine to power its automotive assembly exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair (''[[A Century of Progress]]'').<ref name="EuDaly_2016_160" /> The engine is offered in several versions ranging from {{cvt|600-900|hp|kW|0}}.<ref name="Kremser_1942_24" />
* 1934: The [[Budd Company]] builds the first diesel–electric passenger train in the US, the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]] 9900'', using a Winton engine.<ref name="EuDaly_2016_160" />
* 1935: The [[Citroën Rosalie]] is fitted with an early [[swirl chamber injection|swirl chamber injected]] diesel engine for testing purposes.<ref name="Cole_2014_64" /> [[Daimler-Benz]] starts manufacturing the [[Mercedes-Benz OM 138]], the first mass-produced diesel engine for passenger cars, and one of the few marketable passenger car diesel engines of its time. It is rated {{cvt|45|PS|kW|0}}.<ref name="Kremser_1942_125" />
* 1936: March 4, the airship [[LZ 129 Hindenburg]], the biggest aircraft ever made, takes off for the first time. It is powered by four V16 Daimler-Benz LOF 6 diesel engines, rated {{cvt|1200|PS|kW|0}} each.<ref name="Waibel_2016_159" />
* 1936: Manufacture of the first mass-produced passenger car with a diesel engine ([[Mercedes-Benz 260 D]]) begins.<ref name="vFersen_1986_274" />
* 1937: [[Konstantin Chelpan|Konstantin Fyodorovich Chelpan]] develops the [[Kharkiv model V-2|V-2]] diesel engine, later used in the Soviet [[T-34]] tanks, widely regarded as the best tank chassis of World War II.<ref name="Tucker-Jones_2015_36" />
* 1938: [[General Motors]] forms the GM Diesel Division, later to become [[Detroit Diesel]], and introduces the [[Series 71]] [[Straight engine|inline]] high-speed medium-horsepower [[Two-stroke diesel engine|two-stroke]] engine, suitable for road vehicles and marine use.<ref name="FleetOwner_1964_107" />

====1940s====
* 1946: [[Clessie Cummins]] obtains a patent on a ''fuel feeding and injection apparatus for oil-burning engines'' that incorporates separate components for generating injection pressure and injection timing.<ref name="Cummins_1946" />
* 1946: [[Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz]] (KHD) introduces an air-cooled mass-production diesel engine to the market.<ref name="Flatz_1946" />

====1950s====
[[File:ZT 303 Motor.jpg|thumb|Piston of an MAN [[M-System]] centre sphere combustion chamber type diesel engine ([[4 VD 14,5/12-1 SRW]])]]
* 1950s: [[Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz|KHD]] becomes the air-cooled diesel engine global market leader.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_666" />
* 1951: J. Siegfried Meurer obtains a patent on the ''[[M-System]]'', a design that incorporates a central sphere combustion chamber in the piston (DBP 865683).<ref name="MAN_465" />
* 1953: First mass-produced [[Indirect injection#Swirl chamber|swirl chamber injected]] passenger car diesel engine (Borgward/Fiat).<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 1954: Daimler-Benz introduces the [[Mercedes-Benz OM 312|Mercedes-Benz OM 312 A]], a 4.6 litre straight-6 series-production industrial diesel engine with a turbocharger, rated {{convert|115|PS|kW|abbr=on}}. It proves to be unreliable.<ref name="Daimler_2009_2" />
* 1954: [[Volvo]] produces a small batch series of 200 units of a turbocharged version of the TD 96 engine. This 9.6 litre engine is rated {{convert|136|kW|PS|abbr=on}}.<ref name="vFersen_1987_156" />
* 1955: Turbocharging for MAN two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.<ref name="Mau_1984_17" />
* 1959: The [[Peugeot 403]] becomes the first mass-produced passenger sedan/saloon manufactured outside [[West Germany]] to be offered with a diesel engine option.<ref name="Peugeot403gazole">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Roberts |date=10 July 2007 |title=Peugeot 403 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/peugeot-403-5529921.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=The 403, launched half a century ago, established Peugeot as a global brand. |publisher=[[The Independent]], [[London]]}}</ref>

====1960s====
[[File:OM 352.jpg|thumb|[[Mercedes-Benz OM352 engine|Mercedes-Benz OM 352]], one of the first direct injected Mercedes-Benz diesel engines. It was introduced in 1963, but mass production only started in summer 1964.<ref name="Vogler_2016_34" />]]
* 1964: Summer, Daimler-Benz switches from [[indirect injection#Precombustion chamber|precombustion chamber injection]] to helix-controlled direct injection.<ref name="Daimler_2009" /><ref name="MAN_465" />
* 1962–65: A [[Compression release engine brake|diesel compression braking system]], eventually to be manufactured by the [[Jacobs Vehicle Systems|Jacobs Manufacturing Company]] and nicknamed the "Jake Brake", is invented and patented by Clessie Cummins.<ref name="Cummins_1965" />

====1970s====
* 1972: KHD introduces the [[AD-System]], ''Allstoff-Direkteinspritzung'', (anyfuel direct-injection), for its diesel engines. AD-diesels can operate on virtually any kind of liquid fuel, but they are fitted with an auxiliary spark plug that fires if the ignition quality of the fuel is too low.<ref name="vBasshuysen_2017_24" />
* 1976: Development of the [[common rail]] injection begins at the ETH Zürich.<ref name="vBasshuysen_2017_141" />
* 1976: The [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1#Golf Diesel|Volkswagen Golf]] becomes the first compact passenger sedan/saloon to be offered with a diesel engine option.<ref name="GoDilautSpiegel401976">{{Cite magazine |date=27 September 1976 |title=Blauer Rauch |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41136373.html |magazine=Der VW-Konzern präsentiert seine neuesten Golf-Variante – den ersten Wolfsburger Personenwagen mit Dieselmotor. |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online) |volume=40/1976 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="GoDivolgensGA">{{Cite web |last=Georg Auer |date=21 May 2001 |title=How Volkswagen built a diesel dynasty |url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20010521/ANE/105210844/how-volkswagen-built-a-diesel-dynasty |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Automotive News Europe |publisher=Crain Communications, Inc., Detroit MI}}</ref>
* 1978: Daimler-Benz produces the first passenger car diesel engine with a turbocharger ([[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine]]).<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 1979: First prototype of a low-speed two-stroke crosshead engine with common rail injection.<ref name="Merker_2014_276" />

====1980s====
* 1981/82: Uniflow scavenging for two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.<ref name="Mau_1984_16" />
* 1982: August, Toyota introduces a microprocessor-controlled [[engine control unit]] (ECU) for Diesel engines to the Japanese market.<ref name="Kawai Miyagi Nakano Kondo 1985 pp. 289–293">{{cite journal | last1=Kawai | first1=Mitsuo | last2=Miyagi | first2=Hideo | last3=Nakano | first3=Jiro | last4=Kondo | first4=Yoshihiko | title=Toyota's New Microprocessor-Based Diesel Engine Control System for Passenger Cars | journal=IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics | volume=IE-32 | issue=4 | date=1985 | issn=0278-0046 | doi=10.1109/TIE.1985.350099 | pages=289–293}}</ref>
* 1985: December, road testing of a common rail injection system for lorries using a modified 6VD 12,5/12 GRF-E engine in an [[IFA W50]] takes place.<ref name="Diehl_2013_100" />
* 1987: Daimler-Benz introduces the electronically controlled injection pump for lorry diesel engines.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 1988: The [[Fiat Croma]] becomes the first mass-produced passenger car in the world to have a [[#Direct injection|direct injected]] diesel engine.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 1989: The [[Audi 100]] is the first passenger car in the world with a turbocharged, intercooled, direct-injected, and electronically controlled diesel engine.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" /> It has a [[BMEP]] of 1.35&nbsp;MPa and a [[Brake-specific fuel consumption|BSFC]] of 198&nbsp;g/(kW·h).<ref name="Stock Bauder 1990 p. 87">{{cite conference | last1=Stock | first1=Dieter | last2=Bauder | first2=Richard | title=SAE Technical Paper Series | chapter=The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection | date=1990-02-01 | volume=1 | doi=10.4271/900648 | page=87}}</ref>

====1990s====
* 1992: 1 July, the [[Euro 1]] emission standard comes into effect.<ref name="Reif_2014_182" />
* 1993: First passenger car diesel engine with four valves per cylinder, the Mercedes-Benz OM 604.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 1994: Unit injector system by Bosch for lorry diesel engines.<ref name="Reif_2012_271" />
* 1996: First diesel engine with direct injection and four valves per cylinder, used in the [[Opel Vectra]].<ref name="Zhao_2009_8" /><ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 1996: First radial piston distributor injection pump by Bosch.<ref name="Reif_2012_271" />
* 1997: First mass-produced [[common rail]] diesel engine for a passenger car, the Fiat 1.9 JTD.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" /><ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 1998: BMW wins the [[24 Hours Nürburgring]] race with a modified [[BMW E36]]. The car, called 320d, is powered by a 2-litre, straight-four diesel engine with direct injection and a helix-controlled distributor injection pump (Bosch VP 44), producing {{convert|180|kW|hp|abbr=on}}. The fuel consumption is 23&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km, only half the fuel consumption of a similar Otto-powered car.<ref name="Reif_2012_223" />
* 1998: [[Volkswagen]] introduces the [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#EA188|VW EA188 Pumpe-Düse engine]] (1.9 TDI), with Bosch-developed electronically controlled [[unit injector]]s.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 1999: Daimler-Chrysler presents the first [[common rail]] three-cylinder diesel engine used in a passenger car (the [[Smart City Coupé]]).<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />

====2000s====
[[File:Neckarsulm-AudiForum-Audi-R10-TDI.jpg|thumb|Audi R10 TDI, 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans winner.]]
* 2000: Peugeot introduces the diesel particulate filter for passenger cars.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" /><ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2002: [[Piezoelectric]] injector technology by Siemens.<ref name="Egger_2002" />
* 2003: Piezoelectric injector technology by Bosch,<ref name="Speck_2005" /> and Delphi.<ref name="TheEngineer_2003" />
* 2004: BMW introduces dual-stage turbocharging with the [[BMW M57]] engine.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2006: The world's most powerful diesel engine, the [[Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C]], is produced. It is rated 80,080&nbsp;kW.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_1110" />
* 2006: [[Audi R10 TDI]], equipped with a 5.5-litre V12-TDI engine, rated {{convert|476|kW|hp|abbr=on}}, wins the [[2006 24 Hours of Le Mans]].<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 2006: Daimler-Chrysler launches the first series-production passenger car engine with [[selective catalytic reduction]] exhaust gas treatment, the [[Mercedes-Benz OM642 engine|Mercedes-Benz OM 642]]. It is fully complying with the Tier2Bin8 emission standard.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2008: Volkswagen introduces the [[NOx adsorber|LNT catalyst]] for passenger car diesel engines with the [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#EA189|VW 2.0 TDI engine]].<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2008: Volkswagen starts series production of the biggest passenger car diesel engine, the Audi 6-litre V12 TDI.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2008: [[Subaru]] introduces the first [[horizontally opposed]] diesel engine to be fitted to a passenger car. It is a 2-litre common rail engine, rated 110&nbsp;kW.<ref name="Zhao_2009_45" />

====2010s====
* 2010: [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] developed and started mass production of its [[Mitsubishi 4N1 engine|4N13]] 1.8&nbsp;L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features a [[variable valve timing]] system.<ref name="Long_2013" />
* 2012: BMW introduces dual-stage turbocharging with three turbochargers for the [[BMW N57]] engine.<ref name="Merker_2014_179" />
* 2015: [[Common rail]] systems working with pressures of 2,500 bar launched.<ref name="Tschöke_2018_10" />
* 2015: In the [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]], the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] issued a notice of violation of the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] to [[Volkswagen Group]] after it was found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed [[turbocharged direct injection]] (TDI) diesel engines to activate certain [[Exhaust gas|emissions]] controls only during laboratory [[emissions testing]].<ref name="Jordans_2015" /><ref name="EPA_2015" /><ref name="NPR_2015" /><ref name="Spiegel_2015" />