Editing Differential centrifugation (section)

==Procedure==
Differential centrifugation can be used with intact particles (e.g. biological cells, microparticles, nanoparticles), or used to separate the component parts of a given particle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frei |first1=Mark |journal=BioFiles|title=Centrifugation Separations |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=6–7 |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biofiles/centrifugation-separations.html}}</ref>  Using the example of a separation of eukaryotic organelles from intact cells, the cell must first be lysed and [[Homogenization (biology)|homogenized]] (ideally by a gentle technique, such as [[Dounce homogenizer|Dounce homogenization]]; harsher techniques or over homogenization will lead to a lower proportion of intact organelles).  Once the crude organelle extract is obtained, it may be subjected to a varying centrifugation speeds to separate the organelles:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Typical differential centrifugation parameters for a biological sample<ref name="darnell"/> (path length of centrifugation ≈1–5&nbsp;cm)
|-
! Sample input
! G force
! Time
! Instrument needed
! Pellet contents
! Supernatant contents
|-
| Unlysed (eukaryotic) cells
| 100 x g
| 5 min
| Benchtop fixed-angle centrifuge, or swinging bucket centrifuge
| Intact (eukaryotic) cells, macroscopic debris
| Varies depending on sample
|-
| Gently lysed cells (e.g. dounce homogenizer)
| 600 x g
| 10 min
| Benchtop fixed-angle centrifuge, or swinging bucket centrifuge
| Nuclei
| Cytosol, non-nuclei organelles
|-
| Supernatant of previous row
| 15,000 x g
| 20 min
| Benchtop fixed-angle centrifuge
| Mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes
| Cytosol, [[microsomes]] (known as post mitochondrial supernatant)
|-
| Supernatant of previous row
| 50,000 x g - 100,000 x g
| 60 min
| High speed fixed-angle centrifuge, or vacuum ultracentrifuge
| Plasma membrane, microsomal fraction, large polyribosomes
| Cytosol, ribosomal subunits, small polyribosomes, enzyme complexes
|-
| Supernatant of previous row
| 50,000 x g - 100,000 x g
| 120 min
| Vacuum ultracentrifuge
| Ribosomal subunits, small poly ribosomes, some soluble enzyme complexes
| Cytosol
|}