Editing Digital video recorder (section)

===Hard-disk-based digital video recorders===
[[File:Series 2 tivo back.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Back view of a [[TiVo]] Series2 5xx-generation unit]]
The first working DVR prototype<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-10-01|title=DVR Prototype, Stanford University|url=http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448-98-fall/dtv/dvcr.html}}</ref> was developed in 1998 at Stanford University Computer Science department.  The DVR design was a chapter of [[Edward Y. Chang]]'s PhD dissertation, supervised by Professors [[Hector Garcia-Molina]] and [[Jennifer Widom]]. Two design papers were published at the 1998 VLDB conference,<ref>"Effective Memory Use in a Media Server", Edward Y. Chang and Hector Garcia-Molina, Proceedings of the 23rd Very Large Data Base (VLDB) Conference, p.496-505, Athene Greece, 1998.</ref>
and the 1999 ICDE conference.<ref>"MEDIC: A Memory & Disk Cache for Multimedia Clients", Edward Y. Chang and Hector Garcia-Molina, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, p.493-99,
Florence, Italy, June 1999.</ref> The prototype was developed in 1998 at [[Pat Hanrahan]]'s CS488 class: Experiments in Digital Television,<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 1998|title=CS448, Experiments in Digital Television |website=Computer Graphics at Stanford University |url=http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448-98-fall/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231031091255/http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448-98-fall/ |archive-date= Oct 31, 2023 }}</ref> and the prototype was demoed to industrial partners including Sony, Intel, and Apple.

Consumer digital video recorders [[ReplayTV]] and [[TiVo]] were launched at the 1999 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a PVR?|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-pvr.htm|access-date=2017-04-10|website=wiseGEEK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425095418/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-pvr.htm |archive-date= Apr 25, 2017 }}</ref> Microsoft also demonstrated a unit with DVR capability, but this did not become available until the end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Network's DISHplayer receivers. TiVo shipped their first units on March 31, 1999.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://blog.tivo.com/2012/03/happy-blue-moon-tivo-celebrates-its-birthday-a-little-early
|title=Happy Blue Moon! TiVo celebrates its birthday (a little early) 
|website=TiVo Blog
|date=March 22, 2012  
|language=en-US
|access-date=2019-12-17
|archive-date=2019-12-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217230652/https://blog.tivo.com/2012/03/happy-blue-moon-tivo-celebrates-its-birthday-a-little-early/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> ReplayTV won the "Best of Show" award in the video category<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Jan_6/ai_53524364/ |title=ReplayTV Wins CES 1999 'Best of Show' Award |publisher=Find Articles |work= Business Wire |access-date=2011-11-21 |date= Jan 6, 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228091021/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Jan_6/ai_53524364/ |archive-date= Dec 28, 2011 }}</ref> with [[Netscape]] co-founder [[Marc Andreessen]] as an early investor and board member,<ref>{{cite news
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/09/business/netscape-pioneer-to-invest-in-smart-vcr.html
|title=Netscape Pioneer to Invest in Smart VCR  |date=1998-11-09 |access-date=2011-11-21 |first=John |last=Markoff |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135556/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/09/business/netscape-pioneer-to-invest-in-smart-vcr.html |archive-date= Sep 29, 2013 }}</ref> but TiVo was more successful commercially. ''[[Ad Age]]'' cited [[Forrester Research]] as saying that market penetration by the end of 1999 was "less than 100,000".<ref name="PVRs.AdAge99">{{cite news
   |newspaper=[[Advertising Age]]
   |title=PVRs revolutionizing TV ad buys  |author1=Tobi Elkin  |author2=Hillary Chura
|url-access=subscription
|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pvrs-revolutionizing-tv-ad-buys/56955
   |date=September 18, 2000
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240403234228/https://adage.com/article/news/pvrs-revolutionizing-tv-ad-buys/56955 |archive-date=3 April 2024 }}</ref>

Legal action by media companies forced ReplayTV to remove many features such as automatic commercial skip and the sharing of recordings over the Internet,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/21/business/technology-replaytv-s-new-owners-drop-features-that-riled-hollywood.html |url-access=subscription |title=ReplayTV's New Owners Drop Features That Riled Hollywood |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2003-07-21 |access-date=2011-11-21 |first=Eric A. |last=Taub |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135551/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/21/business/technology-replaytv-s-new-owners-drop-features-that-riled-hollywood.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= Sep 29, 2013 }}</ref> but newer devices have steadily regained these functions while adding complementary abilities, such as recording onto [[DVD]]s and programming and remote control facilities using PDAs, networked PCs, and Web browsers.

In contrast to [[Videocassette recorder|VCRs]], hard-disk based digital video recorders make "[[time shifting]]" more convenient and also allow for functions such as pausing live TV, instant replay, [[Chase Play|chasing playback]] (viewing a recording before it has been completed) and skipping over advertising during playback.

Many DVRs use the [[Moving Picture Experts Group|MPEG]] format for compressing the digital video.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Video Recorders What are they and where they are going?|url=http://info300.net/tzonts/Brief1.html |website=Tom Zonts |publisher=INFO 300 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502162623/http://info300.net/tzonts/Brief1.html|access-date =2017-04-10|archive-date=2014-05-02}}</ref> Video recording capabilities have become an essential part of the modern [[set-top box]], as TV viewers have wanted to take control of their viewing experiences. As consumers have been able to converge increasing amounts of video content on their set-tops, delivered by traditional '[[Broadcasting|broadcast]]' [[Cable TV|cable]], [[Satellite TV|satellite]] and [[Terrestrial TV|terrestrial]] as well as [[Internet Protocol|IP]] networks, the ability to capture programming and view it whenever they want has become a must-have function for many consumers.

====Digital video recorders tied to a video service====
At the 1999 CES, Dish Network demonstrated the hardware that would later have DVR capability with the assistance of Microsoft software, which also included access to the [[WebTV]] service.<ref name="microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/jan99/echostarpr.mspx |title=WebTV Networks and EchoStar Communications Introduce First Internet TV Satellite Product and Service |publisher=Microsoft.com |date=1999-01-07 |access-date=2011-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221221342/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/jan99/echostarpr.mspx |archive-date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> By the end of 1999 the Dishplayer had full DVR capabilities and within a year, over 200,000 units were sold.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Manes, 06.11.01, 12:00 AM ET |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/0611/146.html |title=Forbes |date= 2001-06-11|access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satelliteguys.us/655841-post51.html |title=Judge Stops Countersuit against TiVo |publisher=SatelliteGuys.US |access-date=2011-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206004749/http://www.satelliteguys.us/655841-post51.html |archive-date=2008-12-06 }}</ref>

In the UK, digital video recorders are often referred to as "plus boxes" (such as BSKYB's [[Sky+]] and Virgin Media's [[V+]] which integrates an [[High-definition television|HD]] capability, and the subscription free [[Freesat+]] and [[Freeview+]]). [[Freeview+]] have been around in the UK since the late 2000s, although the platform's first DVR, the Pace Twin, dates to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seenit.co.uk/from-recordable-freeview-to-youview-in-a-decade/|title = From recordable Freeview to YouView in a decade|date = 30 September 2012}}</ref> British Sky Broadcasting marketed a popular combined receiver and DVR as Sky+, now replaced by the [[Sky Q]] box. [[TiVo]] launched a UK model in 2000, and is no longer supported, except for third party services, and the continuation of TiVo through [[Virgin Media]] in 2010. South African based Africa Satellite TV beamer Multichoice recently launched their DVR which is available on their DStv platform. In addition to ReplayTV and TiVo, there are a number of other suppliers of digital terrestrial ([[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]]) DVRs, including [[Technicolor SA]], [[Topfield]], Fusion, [[Commscope]], [[Humax]], VBox Communications, [[AC Ryan Playon]] and [[Advanced Digital Broadcast]] (ADB).

Many satellite, cable and [[IPTV]] companies are incorporating digital video recording functions into their set-top box, such as with [[DirecTiVo]], DISHPlayer/DishDVR, Scientific Atlanta [[Explorer 8300|Explorer 8xxx]] from Time Warner, Total Home DVR from AT&T [[U-verse]], [[Motorola DCT6412]] from Comcast and others, [[Moxi (DVR)|Moxi]] Media Center by Digeo (available through Charter, Adelphia, Sunflower, Bend Broadband, and soon Comcast and other cable companies), or Sky+. [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] introduced their DVR system, called [[Astro MAX]], which was the first PVR in Malaysia but was phased out two years after its introduction.

In the case of digital television, there is no ''encoding'' necessary in the DVR since the signal is already a digitally encoded MPEG stream. The digital video recorder simply stores the digital stream directly to disk. Having the broadcaster involved with, and sometimes subsidizing, the design of the DVR can lead to features such as the ability to use interactive TV on recorded shows, pre-loading of programs, or directly recording encrypted digital streams. It can, however, also force the manufacturer to implement non-skippable advertisements and automatically expiring recordings.

In the United States, the FCC has ruled that starting on July 1, 2007, consumers will be able to purchase a set-top box from a third-party company, rather than being forced to purchase or rent the set-top box from their cable company.<ref>{{citation |author=Wildstrom, W. H. |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2007/tc20070630_146146.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705061608/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2007/tc20070630_146146.htm |archive-date=2007-07-05 |title=An Early Independence Day}}</ref> This ruling only applies to "navigation devices", otherwise known as a cable television set-top box, and not to the security functions that control the user's access to the content of the cable operator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/News_Releases/1999/nrcb9009.html |title=FCC Press Release |publisher=Fcc.gov |access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> The overall net effect on digital video recorders and related technology is unlikely to be substantial as standalone DVRs are currently readily available on the open market.

In Europe [[Free-To-Air]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telesystem-world.com/web/it_en/electronic/catalogue/184/witv/955/turn-iphone-and-ipad-pc-windows-tablet-and-smartphone-android-into-a-pvr-tv.html|title=Turn iPhone and iPad, PC, tablet and smartphone Android into a PVR TV Wi.TV – TELE System Digital Srl|work=TELE System}}</ref> and [[Pay TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vboxcomm.com/digitenne-and-canaldigitaal-to-ip.html|title=Digitenne and CanalDigitaal live TV across your home|work=vboxcomm.com}}</ref> [[TV gateway]]s with multiple tuners have whole house recording capabilities allowing recording of TV programs to [[Network Attached Storage]] or attached USB storage, recorded programs are then shared across the home network to [[tablet computer|tablet]], smartphone, PC, Mac, Smart TV.