Editing Discouraged worker (section)

==Canada==
In [[Canada]], discouraged workers are often referred to as ''hidden unemployed'' because of their behavioral pattern, and are often described as ''on the margins'' of the labour force.<ref name="Canada discourage"/> Since the numbers of discouraged workers and of unemployed generally move in the same direction during the [[business cycle]] and the seasons (both tend to rise in periods of low economic activity and vice versa), some [[economist]]s have suggested that discouraged workers should be included in the unemployment numbers because of the close association.<ref name="Canada discourage" />

The information on the number and composition of the discouraged worker group in [[Canada]] originates from two main sources. One source is the monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS), which is a monthly survey that provides an estimate of both employment and unemployment.<ref name="Government of Canada">{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2021-11-04|title=Labour Force Survey (LFS)|url=https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3701|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www23.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> The LFS’ definition of discouraged workers has not changed since 1997. It is defined as people who were willing and available to work during the reference week but did not work because they believed there was no suitable work available.<ref name="Government of Canada"/> The other source is the Survey of Job Opportunities (SJO), which is much closer in design to the approach used in many other countries. In this survey, all those expressing a desire for work and who are available for work are counted, irrespective of their past job search activity.<ref name="Canada discourage">{{cite journal|last=Akyeampong|first=Ernest B. |date=Autumn 1989|title=Discouraged Workers|journal=Perspectives on Labour and Income|volume=1|series=2|publisher=Statistics Canada|location=Canada|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/af-fdr.cgi?l=eng&loc=e-pdf/2283-eng.pdf|access-date=2009-05-12}}</ref>

In [[Canada]], while discouraged workers were once less educated than "average workers", they now have better training and education but still tend to be concentrated in areas of high unemployment.<ref name="Canada discourage2">{{cite journal|last=Akyeampong|first=Ernest B.|date=Autumn 1992|title=Discouraged workers - where have they gone?|journal=Perspectives on Labour and Income|volume=4|issue=Article 5|series=3|publisher=Statistics Canada|location=Canada|id=Catalogue=75- 001E|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=75-001-X199200328&lang=eng|format=PDF|access-date=2009-05-12|archive-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305161626/http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=75-001-X199200328&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Canada discourage" /> Discouraged workers are not seeking a job for one of two reasons: labour market-related reasons (worker discouragement, waiting for recall to a former job or waiting for replies to earlier job search efforts) and personal and other reasons (illness or disability, personal or family responsibilities, going to school, and so on).<ref name="Canada discourage2"/>

The table below uses the data from the LFS since 2016. Unemployment was slowly rising from the year 2016 where it was 10,115,700 people to 2019 where the number increased to 10,555,000 people. Similar to the rest of the world, the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 pandemic]] caused an even greater increase in the total unemployment, affecting a high of 11,156,000 people. Among the set of the population classified as discouraged workers, there is a greater rise, going from 21,800 people in 2019 to 70,400 in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2012-05-14|title=Reason for not looking for work, annual|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410012801|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

'''LFS Reason for not looking for work x 1000: Both sexes, ages 15 and older.'''<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''2016'''
|'''2017'''
|'''2018'''
|'''2019'''
|'''2020'''
|-
|'''Total not in the labor force'''
|10115.7
|10234.0
|10488.6
|10555
|11156
|-
|'''Discouraged workers'''
|30.5
|24.7
|21.7
|21.8
|70.4
|-
|'''Not in the labor force but wanted work'''
|407.7
|396
|374.9
|366.5
|722.6
|}
It is worth noting that there is a vast population of Aboriginal people that reside in Canada. Canada classifies the following three groups under the broad term Aboriginal: the First Nations, Inuit, and the Metis. [[Statistics Canada]] does not measure Aboriginal unemployment separate from the population as a whole, but the Aboriginal people make up a big portion of the unemployed and discouraged worker count. The 2008 recession hit the Aboriginals harder than the rest of the population, which created a pattern of high rates of unemployment and discouraged workers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lamb|first=Danielle|date=2015|title=The Economic Impact of the Great Recession on Aboriginal People Living off Reserve in Canada|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ri/2015-v70-n3-ri02101/1033406ar/|journal=Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations|language=en|volume=70|issue=3|pages=457–485|doi=10.7202/1033406ar|issn=0034-379X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Aboriginal have greater restrictions to work than the normal population due to race, lower human capital, and education. These factors subject the population to more part-time-part-year work, layoffs, job loss and lower pay. Dealing with this over time produces more discouraged workers, and produces a smaller labor force participation. Aboriginal peoples were three times as likely to be discouraged workers than the rest of the population.<ref name=":1" />