Editing Divisions of the world in Islam (section)

===''Dar al-Islam''===
{{Main|Muslim world}}'''''Dar al-Islam''''' ({{langx|ar|دار الإسلام}} {{Lit|house/abode of Islam}}; or '''''dar at-Tawhid''''' {{Lit|house/abode of monotheism}}) was a term used by [[Ulama]] (Muslim legal scholars) to refer to those countries under Muslim sovereignty, sometimes considered "the home of Islam"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/dar-al-islam.htm |title=Dar al Islam |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Middle East |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> or ''[[Pax Islamica]]''.{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=11}} ''Dar al-Islam'' meaning "house/abode of Islam" is also referred to as ''dar al-salam'' or "house/abode of peace". In the Quran (10.25 and 6.127) this term refers to [[Jannah|Paradise]] in Heaven.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]] |location=Leiden |volume=2 |page=128 |first=T. W. |last=Arnold |author-link=T. W. Arnold |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529972/page/n137 |title=Gagauzes – Gakhar |year=1927}}</ref>

Dar al-Islam consisted of Muslims and non-Muslims, with the latter living as ''[[dhimmi]]s'' (protected persons). The non-Muslims had the right to their own law and religion in exchange for paying the [[jizya]].{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=11}} While Muslims enjoyed full civil rights, non-Muslims were given partial civil rights. However, both Muslims and non-Muslims were equal in their claim to security and being protected from attack.{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=11}} For example, if an enemy seized dar al-Islam's citizens, the state was obliged to free them, whether they were Muslim or non-Muslim.{{sfn|Fadel|2009|p=534}}

Likewise, in foreign affairs, the Muslim government represented both its Muslim and non-Muslim citizens.{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=11}} Relations between Muslims and non-Muslims were regulated by "constitutional charters" (special agreements issued by the authorities), and these agreements recognized the personal law of each non-Muslim community (the Jewish community, Christian community etc).{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=11–12}} Non-Muslims could access Islamic courts if they wished.{{sfn|Khadduri|1966|p=12}}

According to [[Abu Hanifa]], considered to be the originator of the concept, the requirements for a country to be part of ''dar al-Islam'' are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544498 |first=Atiya |last=Saqr |title=Concept of Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021134040/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544498 |archive-date=21 October 2006 |date=11 October 2012 |work=[[Islam Online]] |access-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.islamway.com/bindex.php?section=article&id=211 |first=Ahmed |last=Khalil |title=Dar Al-Islam And Dar Al-Harb: Its Definition and Significance |work=English.islamway.com |date=27 May 2002 |access-date=13 March 2011}}</ref>
# Muslims must be able to enjoy peace and security with and within this country.
# The country should be ruled by a Muslim government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=E. Ann |last2=Esmaeili |first2=Hossein |last3=Hosen |first3=Nadirsyah |author3-link=Nadirsyah Hosen |date=1 January 2013 |title=Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kngBY-Gu18C&pg=PA42 |isbn=9780857934475 |page=42}}</ref>
# It has common frontiers with some Muslim countries.