Editing Domestication (section)

== Cause and timing ==

{{further|Neolithic transition}}

The [[domestication of animals]] and plants was triggered by the climatic and environmental changes that occurred after the peak of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] <!--,which was around 21,000 years ago,--> and which continue to this present day. These changes made obtaining food by [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] difficult.<ref name="Zalloua2017">{{cite journal |last1=Zalloua |first1=Pierre A. |last2=Matisoo-Smith |first2=Elizabeth |title=Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |date=January 6, 2017 |volume=7 |page=40338 |doi=10.1038/srep40338| pmid=28059138 |bibcode=2017NatSR...740338P |pmc=5216412}}</ref> The first animal to be [[Domestication of the dog|domesticated was the dog]] at least 15,000 years ago.<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017">{{cite journal |last1=MacHugh |first1=David E. |last2=Larson |first2=Greger |last3=Orlando |first3=Ludovic |title=Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal Domestication |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022747 |journal=[[Annual Review of Animal Biosciences]] |volume=5 |date=2017 |s2cid=21991146 |pmid=27813680 |pages=329–351}}</ref> The [[Younger Dryas]] 12,900 years ago was a period of intense cold and aridity that put pressure on humans to intensify their foraging strategies but did not favour agriculture. By the beginning of the [[Holocene]] 11,700 years ago, a warmer climate and increasing human populations led to small-scale animal and plant domestication and an increased supply of food.<ref name="McHugo Dover MacHugh 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=McHugo |first1=Gillian P. |last2=Dover |first2=Michael J. |last3=MacHugh |first3=David E. |date=2019-12-02 |title=Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomics |journal=[[BMC Biology]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=98 |doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0724-7 |pmc=6889691 |pmid=31791340 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Timeline of some major domestication events
|-
! Event !! [[Vavilov center|Centre of origin]] !! Purpose !! Date/years ago
|-
| [[Foraging]] for wild grains || Asia || Food || > 23,000<ref name="Purugganan Fuller 2009"/>
|-
| [[Dog]] || Eurasia || [[Commensalism|Commensal]] || > 15,000<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017"/>
|-
| [[Wheat]], [[Barley]] || Near East || Food || 13,000–11,000<ref name="Purugganan Fuller 2009"/>
|-
|| [[Flax]] || Near East || [[Textile]]s || 13,000–11,000{{sfn|Zohary|Hopf|Weiss|2012|p=139}}
|-
| [[Goat]], [[Sheep]], [[Pig]], [[Cow]] || Near East, South Asia || Food || 11,000–10,000<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017"/>
|-
| [[Rice]] || China || Food || 9,000<ref name="Fornasiero Wing Ronald 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Fornasiero |first1=Alice |last2=Wing |first2=Rod A. |last3=Ronald |first3=Pamela |date=2022 |title=Rice domestication |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=R20–R24 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 |pmid=35015986 |bibcode=2022CBio...32..R20F}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chicken]] || East Asia || [[Cockfighting]] || 7,000<ref name="Lawler Adler 2012"/>
|- 
| [[Horse]] || Central Asia || [[Pack animal|Draft]], [[Equestrianism|riding]] || 5,500<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017"/>
|-
| [[Western honey bee|Honey bee]] || Ancient Egypt || [[Honey]] || > 5,000<ref name="Aizen Harder 2009"/>
|}

The appearance of the [[domestic dog]] in the archaeological record, at least 15,000 years ago, was followed by domestication of livestock and [[crop domestication|of crops]] such as [[wheat]] and [[barley]], the [[invention of agriculture]], and the transition of humans from foraging to farming in different places and times across the planet.<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017"/><ref name="fuller2011">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00438243.2011.624747 |title=Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: Arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East |journal=[[World Archaeology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=628–652 |date=2011 |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |last2=Willcox |first2=George |last3=Allaby |first3=Robin G. |s2cid=56437102}}</ref><ref name="zeder2006">{{cite book |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |author-link=Melinda A. Zeder |date=2006 |contribution=Archaeological approaches to documenting animal domestication |title=Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms |editor1-first=M. A. |editor1-last=Zeder |editor2-first=D. G. |editor2-last=Bradley |editor3-first=E. |editor3-last=Emshwiller |editor4-first=B. D. |editor4-last=Smith |pages=209–227 |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Galibert Ouignon Hitte 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Galibert |first1=Francis |last2=Quignon |first2=Pascale |last3=Hitte |first3=Christophe |last4=André |first4=Catherine |date=2011-03-01 |title=Toward understanding dog evolutionary and domestication history |journal=[[Comptes Rendus Biologies]] |series=On the trail of domestications, migrations and invasions in agriculture |volume=334 |issue=3 |pages=190–196 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.011 |pmid=21377613|doi-access=free }}</ref> For instance, small-scale trial cultivation of cereals began some 28,000 years ago at the Ohalo II site in Israel.<ref name="Snir Nadel Groman-Yaroslavski Melamed 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Snir |first1=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=10 |issue=7 |date=2015-07-22 |pmid=26200895 |pmc=4511808 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |doi-access=free |page=e0131422|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S }}</ref>

In the [[Fertile Crescent]] 11,000–10,000 years ago, [[zooarchaeology]] indicates that goats, pigs, sheep, and [[taurine cattle]] were the first livestock to be domesticated. Two thousand years later, humped [[zebu]] cattle were domesticated in what is today [[Baluchistan]] in Pakistan. In [[East Asia]] 8,000 years ago, pigs were domesticated from wild boar genetically different from those found in the Fertile Crescent.<ref name="MacHugh Larson Orlando 2017"/> The [[Domestication of the cat|cat was domesticated]] in the Fertile Crescent, perhaps 10,000 years ago,<ref name="Driscoll 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=Carlos |date=2009 |title=The Taming of the Cat. Genetic and Archaeological findings hint that wildcats became housecats earlier- and in different place- than previously thought |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=300 |issue=6 |pages=68–75 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |pmid=19485091 |pmc=5790555 |bibcode=2009SciAm.300f..68D}}</ref> from [[African wildcat]]s, possibly to control [[rodent]]s that were damaging stored food.<ref name="Driscoll Menotti-Raymond Roca 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Driscoll |first1=Carlos A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=Marilyn |last3=Roca |first3=Alfred L. |last4=Hupe |first4=Karsten |last5=Johnson |first5=Warren E. |last6=Geffen |first6=Eli |last7=Harley |first7=Eric H. |last8=Delibes |first8=Miguel |last9=Pontier |first9=Dominique |last10=Kitchener |first10=Andrew C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=Nobuyuki |last12=O'Brien |first12=Stephen J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=David W. |display-authors=5 |date=2007-07-27 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D }}</ref>


<gallery mode="packed" heights="275" style="float:center;">
File:Centres of origin and spread of agriculture labelled.svg|[[Vavilov center|Centres of origin]] and spread of [[agriculture]] in the [[Neolithic Revolution]] as understood in 2003<ref name="DiamondandBellwood2003">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |last1=Diamond |first1=Jared |author-link1=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |date=2003 |pmid=12714734 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |citeseerx=10.1.1.1013.4523 |s2cid=13350469 }}</ref>
File:Domestication Timeline.jpg|Rough timelines of domestication for 11 animal species<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McHugo |first1=Gillian P. |last2=Dover |first2=Michael J. |last3=MacHugh |first3=David E. |title=Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomics |journal=BMC Biology |date=2 December 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=98 |doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0724-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=31791340 |pmc=6889691 |issn=1741-7007}}</ref>{{efn|It includes "relevant stratigraphy and climate chronologies. For each species, the time periods of significant pre-domestication human–animal interactions are also shown." "Stratigraphy information was obtained from the International Commission on Stratigraphy website. The Quaternary temperature plot was generated from the GISP2 ice core temperature and accumulation data"}}
</gallery>