Editing Double standard (section)

==Common areas==
{{See also|Double standard of aging}}

===Gender===
It has long been debated how someone's [[gender role]] affects others' [[moral]], [[social]], [[Politics|political]] and [[Law|legal]] responses. Some believe that differences in the way men and women are perceived and treated is a function of social norms, thus indicating a double standard. For example, one claim is that a double standard exists in society's judgment of women's and men's sexual conduct. Research has found that casual sexual activity is regarded as more acceptable for men than for women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vrangalova Ph.D. |first1=Zhana |title=Is Our Sexual Double Standard Going Away? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/strictly-casual/201403/is-our-sexual-double-standard-going-away |work=[[Psychology Today]] |publisher=[[Sussex Publishers]], LLC |access-date=20 February 2019 |format=Web article |date=3 March 2014}}</ref> According to William G Axinn,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Axinn |first1=William G. |last2=Young-DeMarco |first2=Linda |last3=Ro |first3=Meeso Caponi |date=2011-03-01 |title=Gender Double Standards in Parenting Attitudes |journal=Social Science Research |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.010 |issn=0049-089X |pmc=3035381 |pmid=21318125}}</ref> double standards between men and women can potentially exist with regards to: [[dating]], [[cohabitation]], [[virginity]], [[marriage]]/[[remarriage]], [[sexual abuse]]/[[Sexual assault|assault]]/[[Sexual harassment|harassment]], [[domestic violence]] and [[singleness]].

Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs on a sexual double standard in long or short-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend. They did find however that women's self-stimulation was judged positively, and men's self-stimulation was judged negatively.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Examining the Sexual Double Standards and Hypocrisy in Partner Suitability Appraisals Within a Norwegian Sample|journal=Evolutionary Psychology|author=Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Andrew G. Thomas, David M. Buss ja Mons Bendixen|doi=10.1177/14747049231165687|date=27 March 2023|volume=21 |issue=1 |pmid=36972495 |pmc=10303487 |s2cid=257772494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2017 study of American college students also found no evidence of a gendered double standard around [[promiscuity]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stewart-Williams |first1=Steve |last2=Butler |first2=Caroline A. |last3=Thomas |first3=Andrew G. |date=2017 |title=Sexual History and Present Attractiveness: People Want a Mate With a Bit of a Past, But Not Too Much |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27805420/ |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=1097–1105 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1232690 |issn=1559-8519 |pmid=27805420|s2cid=25336484 }}</ref>

===Law===
A double standard may arise if two or more groups who have equal legal rights are given different degrees of legal protection or representation. Such double standards are seen as unjustified because they violate a common [[Legal maxim|maxim]] of modern legal [[jurisprudence]] - that all parties should stand equal before the law. Where [[judge]]s are expected to be impartial, they must apply the same standards to all people, regardless of their own subjective [[biases]] or [[In-group favoritism|favoritism]], based on: [[social class]], [[Social rank|rank]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], [[religion]], age or other distinctions.{{Citation needed | date=August 2023}}

===Politics===
A double standard arises in [[politics]] when the treatment of the same political matters between two or more parties (such as the response to a public crisis or the allocation of funding) is handled differently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double Standards? |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/9588/chapter-abstract/156620309?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> 

Double standard policies can include situations when a country's or commentator's assessment of the same phenomenon, process or event in [[international relations]] depends on their relationship with or attitude to the parties involved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahimi |first=Ibrahim |date=1987 |editor-last=Chomsky |editor-first=Noam |title=Double-Standards in International Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536668 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.2307/2536668 |jstor=2536668 |issn=0377-919X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In ''[[Harry's Game]]'' (1975), [[Gerald Seymour]] wrote: "One man's [[terrorist]] is another man's [[freedom fighter]]".<ref>{{Citation|last=Farooqi|first=Anis|title=Gujral, Satish|year=2003|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t035630|isbn=9781884446054 }}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
Double standards exist when people are preferred or rejected on the basis of their ethnicity in situations in which ethnicity is not a relevant or justifiable factor for discrimination (as might be the case for a cultural performance or ethnic ceremony).

The intentional efforts of some people to counteract [[racism]] and ethnic double standards can sometimes be interpreted by others as actually perpetuating racism and double standards among ethnic groups. Writing for ''[[The American Conservative]]'', [[Rod Dreher]] quotes the account published in ''[[Quillette]]'' by [[Coleman Hughes]], a black student at [[Columbia University]], who said he was given an opportunity to play in a backup band for Grammy Award-winning pop artist [[Rihanna]] at the 2016 [[MTV Video Music Award]]s Show. According to Hughes, several of his friends were also invited; however, one of them was fired and replaced because, according to Hughes, his white Hispanic background did not suit the all-black aesthetic that Rihanna's team had chosen for her show. The team had decided that all performers on stage were to be black, aside from Rihanna's regular guitar player.<ref name=Dreher>{{cite news |last1=Dreher |first1=Rod |title=The Racial Double Standard |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/coleman-hughes-racial-double-standard/ |access-date=9 March 2019 |work=The American Conservative |date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Hughes was uncertain about whether he believed this action was unethical, given that the show was racially themed to begin with. He observed what he believed to be a double standard in the entertainment industry, saying, "if a black musician had been fired in order to achieve an all-white aesthetic — it would have made front page headlines. It would have been seen as an unambiguous moral infraction."<ref name=Dreher/> 
Dreher argues that Hughes's observations highlight the difficulty in distinguishing between the exclusion of one ethnic group in order to celebrate another, and the exclusion of an ethnic group as the exercise of racism or a double standard. Dreher also discussed another incident, in which ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' columnist [[Bari Weiss]], who is Jewish, was heavily criticized for tweeting, "Immigrants: They get the job done", in a positive reference to [[Mirai Nagasu]], a Japanese-American Olympic ice skater, who Weiss was trying to honor.<ref name=Dreher/> The public debate about ethnicity and double standards remains controversial and, by all appearances, will continue.