Editing Drive-by shooting (section)

==United States==
There is no national data on the volume of drive-by shootings. National [[Statistical database|statistical databases]] such as the [[Uniform Crime Reports]] record the shooting outcome rather than the method. Non-gang-related drive-by shootings are not well researched, but journalistic accounts and police reports suggest that these constitute a significant proportion of the drive-by shootings to which police respond. Drive-by shootings that occur as an extreme form of [[road rage]] appear to be rather unpredictable in terms of the times and locations, but often occur in reaction to seemingly trivial events, although the underlying motivation usually appears to be a series of unrelated stressors in the perpetrator's life. A drive-by shooting's prerequisites include access to a vehicle and a gun. Recent legislation has focused on transfer of guns rather than vehicles, so those who carry out drive-by shootings may use their own vehicle or one that has been borrowed, rented, or stolen.<ref name=asu />

The primary motivations for a gang-involved drive-by include intimidation, terrorisation, and assassination of rival street gang members.<ref name="gang-epidemic">{{cite journal |last1=Hutson |first1=H. Range |last2=Anglin |first2=Deirdre |last3=Kyriacou |first3=Demetrios N. |title=The Epidemic of Gang-Related Homicides in Los Angeles County From 1979 Through 1994 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=274 |issue=13 |pages=1031–6 |doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03530130037025 |date=4 October 1995 |pmid=7563453}}</ref> Such shootings are associated with gang violence in urban areas of the United States but also occur in other contexts. The tactic is also called simply a "drive-by".<ref name="drive-by-wkyc">{{cite news |title=3-year-old boy killed in drive-by shooting identified |publisher=WKYC-TV |location=Cleveland, Ohio |date=16 September 2015 |url=http://www.wkyc.com/story/news/local/cleveland/2015/09/16/3-year-old-child-woman-shot-cleveland/72343122/ |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

===History===
Motorcycle ride-by killings were a common form of murder used by drug lord [[Griselda Blanco]] during her years controlling the Miami cocaine trade routes in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corben |first1=Billy |title=Griselda Blanco: So Long and Thanks for All the Cocaine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/griselda-blanco-so-long-and-thanks-for-all-the-cocaine/ |access-date=24 July 2017 |work=Vice |date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Blanco herself died by this method after having been shot twice in the head by a motorcyclist in a drive-by shooting in [[Medellín|Medellín, Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/godmother-cocaine-shot-dead-colombia |title='Godmother of cocaine' shot dead in Colombia |work=The Guardian |first=Richard |last=Luscombe |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article1942452.html#storylink=cpy |work=The Miami Herald |date=5 September 2012 |title=The life and death of 'cocaine godmother' Griselda Blanco |author=Robles, Frances |author2=Bargent, James |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/godmother-cocaine-shot-dead-colombia |title='Godmother of cocaine' shot dead in Colombia |quote=Griselda Blanco, who remained under suspicion for the deaths of all three of her husbands |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2012 |author=Luscombe, Richard}}</ref> Drive-by shootings are also included in the [[Ku Klux Klan]]'s ''[[modus operandi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fontaine |first1=Smokey |title=GOOD NEWS: Victim Of KKK and Drive-By Shooting Opens Successful Restaurant |url=https://newsone.com/241747/good-news-victim-of-kkk-and-drive-by-shooting-opens-successful-restaurant/ |access-date=15 June 2017 |agency=NewsOne |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-carson-drive-by-shooting-20160228-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Mother and son are killed in a drive-by shooting outside a Carson home |author=Hamilton, Matt |date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

Chicago [[Prohibition]]-era gangster and [[North Side Gang]] boss [[Bugs Moran]] was considered a "pioneer" of the drive-by shooting, with the [[Thompson submachine gun|Tommy gun]] being the weapon of choice. The notoriously vicious gang performed multiple shootings against their rivals, including the [[Chicago Outfit|South Side gang]] led by [[Al Capone]] and the [[Genna crime family|Genna brothers]]. Other [[Irish Americans|Irish American]] gangs, such as the [[Joseph Saltis|Saltis-McErlane Gang]], the [[Sheldon Gang]], and the [[Myles O'Donnell|Southside O'Donnell's]], also executed drive-bys on one another in the Chicago area. Al Capone also had a Cadillac painted in Chicago police colors (police lights included) with armored rear windshield and a small hatch to fire machine guns with the car moving.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}} 

During the [[Philadelphia crime family|Second Philadelphia Mafia War]], two warring factions fought for control of the family; one led by former alleged boss, [[John Stanfa]]; and the "[[Young Turks (disambiguation)#Gangs|Young Turks]]" led by up-and-coming gangster [[Joey Merlino]]. On 5 August 1993, Merlino survived a drive-by shooting assassination attempt by two Stanfa gunmen, taking four bullets in the leg and buttocks, while his friend and associate Michael Ciancaglini was shot in the chest and killed.<ref name="deseretnews.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/11/26/19206579/stories-of-hits-that-missed-are-a-smash-in-court/ |title=Stories of Hits That Missed Are a Smash in Court |website=[[Deseret News]] |date=26 November 1995}}</ref> On 31 August 1993, a drive by shooting was performed on Stanfa and his son while they were driving on the [[Schuylkill Expressway]]. Stanfa escaped uninjured and his son survived being shot in the jaw.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

In 1992, the [[Mexican Mafia]] prison gang announced an edict prohibiting [[Sureños|Sureno]] gangs from committing drive-by shootings, in order to avoid police crackdowns throughout neighborhoods in southern [[California]]. Those who broke the edict were to be greenlighted for assault or even death in the California prison system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-latimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-26-mn-39383-story.html?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&_amp=true&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15737910021709&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-09-26-mn-39383-story.html|title=Mexican Mafia Tells Gangs to Halt Drive-Bys|accessdate=2 July 2024}}</ref>

Numerous [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] artists have been targeted in drive-bys;<ref name="rappers">{{cite web |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2013/02/01/they-shootin-10-rappers-that-were-targeted-in-drive-by-shootings/ |title=They Shootin': 10 Rappers That Were Targeted in Drive-By Shootings |last=Coleman |first=C. Vernon II |date=1 February 2013 |website=HipHopWired |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> prominent rappers who were killed in such incidents include [[Tupac Shakur]],<ref name="pac">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/tupac-shakur-dies-days-drive-by-shooting-1996-article-1.749382 |title=Tupac Shakur dies days after drive-by shooting in 1996 |last=Dominguez |first=Robert |date=14 September 1996 |website=Daily News |location=New York |access-date=11 December 2015 |quote=Rapper Tupac Shakur died yesterday from wounds suffered in a Las Vegas drive-by shooting, becoming a casualty of the kind of bullet-sprayed urban violence captured in his lyrics.}}</ref> [[The Notorious B.I.G.]],<ref name="biggie">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/biggie-smalls-killed-drive-by-shooting-1997-article-1.758357 |title=Biggie Smalls is killed in a drive-by shooting in 1997 |last=Millner |first=Denene |date=10 March 1997 |website=Daily News |location=New York |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> [[Big L]], and [[Mac Dre]].<ref name="dre">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65810/rapper-mac-dre-killed-in-kansas-city |title=Rapper Mac Dre Killed in Kansas City |date=2 November 2004 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> Other rappers, such as [[Obie Trice]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60220/rapper-obie-trice-shot-in-detroit |title=Rapper Obie Trice Shot In Detroit |magazine=Billboard |access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> and [[50 Cent]] have survived being assaulted in drive-by shootings.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

In 2015, Jorja Leap, an UCLA anthropologist studying gang culture, pointed out how drive-by shooting tactics are being replaced by the "walk-up shooting" method, because murders have become more targeted and while driving, there is low accuracy in aiming.<ref>{{cite web |title=A shift in gang tactics means drive-bys are giving way to walk-ups, observers say |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://homicide.latimes.com/post/drive-by-shootings/}}</ref>