Editing Drive by wire (section)

== Safety and security ==
[[File:Space Drive Paravan.webm|thumb|Up-fitted drive-by-wire systems, such as the [[:de:Paravan|Paravan]] Space Drive, have been available since as early as 2003 for existing production {{nowrap|vehicles.<ref>{{citation |url=https://barrierefrei-magazin.de/artikel/25-jahre-paravan/ |title=25 Jahre PARAVAN |author=Lydia Saß |date=July 26, 2023 |website=barrierefrei-magazin.de}}</ref>}} Space Drive II is equipped with a redundant power system and {{nowrap|triple-[[Redundancy (engineering)|redundant]]}} communications and processors.]]
Failures in drive by wire systems can lead to potential hazardous situations where safety depends entirely on the vehicle's [[Safety-critical system#Reliability regimes|failure mode]]. The [[Aachen University]] Institute for Motor Vehicles (ika – [[:de:Institut für Kraftfahrzeuge Aachen|Institut für Kraftfahrzeuge Aachen]]), in collaboration with [[Mercedes-AMG]] and others, studies the operation, risks, and safety mechanisms of drive-by-wire systems through its drive-by-wire concept vehicle, SpeedE. Studied scenarios include loss of control over acceleration, brakes, or steering.<ref name="SpeedEpapers">{{citation |url=https://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/de/kompetenzen/projekte/fahrzeugkonzepte-und-design/speede-de.html |title=SpeedE – Forschungsplattform |year=2016 |publisher=ika – Institute for Motor Vehicles of RWTH Aachen University}}</ref>

Early by-wire systems had mechanical backup systems in case the by-wire systems failed.<ref name="Scheibert2023" /> The modern drive by wire paradigm dispenses with mechanical backups, and relies on [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], [[Safety-critical system#Reliability regimes|fail-operational]] systems, and other safety and security measures: computational redundancy through [[Lockstep (computing)|lockstep CPUs]]; functional redundancy through modular design where the failure of one module is compensated by an identical module, for example by [[torque vectoring]] to compensate for a failed steering or braking module; multi-sensor fault detection; self-isolation of damaged systems; and fault-tolerant communication. Such fail-safes are specified by the [[ISO 26262]] standard [[Automotive Safety Integrity Level|level D]].<ref name="Sampath2020">{{citation |url=https://saeindia.org/jbframework/uploads/2020/12/Tech-Trends-Towards-Functional-Safety-in-Drive-By-Wire-Vehicles-compressed.pdf |title=Toward functional safety in drive by wire vehicles |author=Arunkumar Sampath |journal=Mobility Engineering |issue=December 2020}}</ref>

Assessment and standardization of drive-by-wire [[computer security]] has also taken place. Researchers demonstrated in 2011<ref>{{cite web |last1=Checkoway |first1=Stephen |title=Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHfOziIwXic |website=YouTube |date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2018 |archive-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531064515/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHfOziIwXic |url-status=live }}</ref> and 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/07/24/hackers-reveal-nasty-new-car-attacks-with-me-behind-the-wheel-video/|title=Hackers Reveal Nasty New Car Attacks—With Me Behind The Wheel (Video)|first=Andy|last=Greenberg|website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=2017-08-26|archive-date=2017-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825000835/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/07/24/hackers-reveal-nasty-new-car-attacks-with-me-behind-the-wheel-video/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wired2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/|title=Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway—With Me in It|first=Andy|last=Greenberg|magazine=Wired |access-date=2017-03-06|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119103855/https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/|url-status=live}}</ref> that some systems in commercially-available vehicles are susceptible to [[Security hacker|hacking]], allowing for external control of the vehicle. Hacking demonstrations included remote activation of systems like the horn, windshield wipers, accelerator, brakes, and transmission.<ref name="wired2015" /> Modern standards such as the [[IT security standards#ISO/SAE 21434|ISO/SAE 21434]] standard and [[Regulation of self-driving cars#UNECE WP.29 GRVA|UNCE regulations 155, 156, and 157]] require dedicated [[cryptographic module]]s that encrypt all communication between the ECUs and the drive system components.<ref name="Scheibert2023" />