Editing Driving while black (section)

== Studies ==
=== Nationwide ===
In 2019, as reported by [[National Broadcasting Company|NBC]], the [[University of Stanford|Stanford Open Policing Project]] found that "police stopped and searched black and Latino drivers on the basis of less evidence than used in stopping white drivers, who are searched less often but are more likely to be found with illegal items." The finding emerged from [[data-mining]] nearly 100 million traffic stops dating from 2011 to 2017 and recorded by 21 state patrol agencies, including California, Illinois, New York, and Texas, and 29 municipal police departments, including New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and St. Paul, Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/inside-100-million-police-traffic-stops-new-evidence-racial-bias-n980556|title=Inside 100 million police traffic stops: New evidence of racial bias|website=NBC News|date=13 March 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Florida ===
The American Civil Liberties Union reported that in 2014, Florida-resident black drivers received nearly 22 percent of all seat belt citations even though they made up only 13.5 percent of that state's drivers. Seat belt compliance was 91.5 percent for white drivers versus 85.8 percent for black drivers, a difference too small to explain the different rate of ticketing between black and white drivers.{{clarify|reason=The ticketing rate for white people is not given in this article, only for blacks (which means subtracting from 100% gets you the rate for non-blacks, not for whites)|date=January 2023}} The ACLU analysis showed that black drivers would have had over 14,000 fewer seat belt citations if they were ticketed proportionally to total drivers in Florida. The rate that black drivers are ticketed more often than white drivers is four times more in Escambia County, three times more in Palm Beach County and 2.8 times more in Orange County. In Tampa, black drivers received 575 seat belt citations versus 549 for white drivers even though black people make up only 23 percent of Tampa's population.<ref name="HP-2016-01-21">{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/racial_disparities_in_florida_safety_belt_law_enforcement.pdf|title=Racial Disparities in Florida Safety Belt Law Enforcement|date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Illinois ===
On April 18, 2003, the Illinois State Senate passed a bill that mandates Illinois law enforcement to maintain racial statistics regarding traffic stops. The bill originally mandated the statistics-keeping to continue until 2007, but the bill was extended and traffic stop statistics will continue to be maintained indefinitely.<ref>[https://idot.illinois.gov/transportation-system/local-transportation-partners/law-enforcement/illinois-traffic-stop-study "Illinois Traffic Stop Study"]. ''idot.illinois.gov''. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</ref> An ACLU analysis of the 2013 Illinois traffic stop report found that African Americans and Latinos are "twice as likely" to be pulled over by police even though whites were more likely to have been discovered with contraband in their car.<ref>[http://www.aclu-il.org/traffic-stop-data-shows-persistent-patterns-of-racial-bias-according-to-new-report/ "Traffic stop data shows persistent patterns of racial bias, according to new report «  American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois"]. ''www.aclu-il.org''. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</ref>

=== Maryland ===
In ''[[Robert L. Wilkins#Wilkins v. Maryland State Police|Robert L. Wilkins, et al. v. Maryland State Police, et al.]]'' (1993), the ACLU sued the Maryland State Police for racial profiling of then defense attorney Robert L. Wilkins. Part of the settlement agreement between the parties held that the state of Maryland had to maintain racial statistics regarding its traffic stops, making Maryland the first to do so.<ref>[http://www.aclu-md.org/blog/2014/09/16/a_tribute_to_judge_robert_l_wilkins "ACLU of Maryland (ACLU-MD)"]. ''www.aclu-md.org''. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</ref> The case started a "national conversation on racial profiling" and was seen as a large victory by the ACLU.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-civil-rights-groups-and-maryland-officials-reach-landmark-racial-profiling-settlement "ACLU, Civil Rights Groups and Maryland Officials Reach Landmark Racial Profiling Settlement"]. ''American Civil Liberties Union''. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</ref> Lamberth conducted a study again in the state of Maryland, once again finding evidence of racial discrimination in traffic stops, although the scope of his study was more limited.<ref name=":0" />

=== New Jersey ===
In ''New Jersey v. Soto'' (1996), a case where Superior Court Justice Robert E. Francis consolidated 17 claims of racial profiling in traffic stops, Dr. John Lamberth of Temple University conducted a study to determine the level to which racial discrimination occurred on the highway in the state of New Jersey.<ref>[http://www.leagle.com/decision/19961084734A2d350_11076/STATE%20v.%20SOTO "STATE v. SOTO | 734 A.2d 350 (1996) | Leagle.com"]. ''Leagle''. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</ref> Lamberth found that cars driven by African Americans accounted for about 42% of the total drivers pulled over out of a total 43,000 cars. However, cars operated for African Americans accounted only for 13.5% of the total cars on the road.<ref>Lamberth, John (August 16, 1998). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296336777_Driving_while_black_A_statistician_proves_that_prejudice_still_rules_the_road "Driving While Black; A Statistician Proves That Prejudice Still Rules the Road"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved March 10, 2017.</ref>

New Jersey later received public attention for its racial profiling on the highway in 1998 when police wounded three men during a traffic stop, all of whom were either black or Hispanic, prompting then New Jersey Governor [[Christine Whitman]] to let a federal judge monitor the NJ police. As a result, thousands of documents were released to the public, displaying ample evidence that police were instructed to use race-based tactics to identify and stop possible drug couriers on the highway.<ref name=":1" />

=== Kentucky ===
The Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) has received negative public attention for "hyper-policing" to fight violent crime in the West End of Louisville. In 2016, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Brian Edwards threw out evidence obtained in a traffic stop saying he is "well aware of the troubling levels of gun and drug-related violence in west Louisville." Edward added, "this does not mean that citizens driving in west Louisville should be subjected to a lesser degree of constitutional protection than citizens driving in other parts our community."<ref>{{cite web|last=Wolfson|first=Andrew|title=Louisville judge on traffic stop: Constitution protects drivers on both sides of town|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/crime/2019/04/05/louisville-judge-brian-edwards-weighs-in-traffic-stop-controversy/3369455002/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Courier-Journal|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2019, Tae-Ahn Lea sued LMPD claiming that his civil rights were violated when he was pulled over, searched and handcuffed by officers, after he allegedly made a wide turn. The case became controversial after 1 million views on YouTube. Police officials said that they aggressively stop motorists in high-crime areas in order to reduce crime. But in its investigation of the story, the ''Louisville Courier-Journal'' reported that studies show increased traffic stops do not reduce crime.<ref name="Tae-Ahn-Lea">{{cite news| author =Andrew Wolfson | title =LMPD handcuffed a black teen for a wide turn, then told him to 'quit with the attitude' 1 million people have viewed a video of a Louisville traffic stop on YouTube. Many said it shows exactly why minorities distrust law enforcement.| newspaper =Louisville Courier Journal| date =April 4, 2019| url =https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/investigations/2019/04/04/louisville-kentucky-police-stopped-frisked-handcuffed-black-teen-for-wide-turn/3210229002/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ragsdale|first=Travis|title=Teen at center of controversial LMPD traffic stop sues department, officers|url=https://www.wdrb.com/news/teen-at-center-of-controversial-lmpd-traffic-stop-sues-department-officers/article_449fd184-8d11-11e9-ac59-87a8b9a05368.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=WDRB|date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>