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Dutch-language literature
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===The Leiden Willeram=== The ''[[Leiden Willeram]]'' is the name given to a manuscript containing a Low Franconian version of the Old High German commentary on [[Song of Solomon]] by the German abbot [[Williram of Ebersberg]] (ultimately by [[Isidore of Seville]]). Until recently, based on its orthography and phonology the text of this manuscript was believed by most scholars to be Middle Franconian, that is Old High German, with some Limburgic or otherwise Franconian admixtures. But in 1974, the German philologist [[Willy Sanders]] proved in his study ''Der Leidener Willeram'' that the text actually represents an imperfect attempt by a scribe from the northwestern coastal area of the Low Countries to translate the [[East Franconian]] original into his local vernacular. The text contains many Old Dutch words not known in Old High German, as well as mistranslated words caused by the scribe's unfamiliarity with some Old High German words in the original he translated, and a confused orthography heavily influenced by the Old High German original. For instance, the grapheme <z> is used after the High German tradition where it represents Germanic ''t'' shifted to {{IPA|/ts/}}. Sanders also proved that the manuscript, now in the University Library of [[Leiden University]], was written at the end of the 11th century in the Abbey of [[Egmond Abbey|Egmond]] in modern North Holland, whence the manuscript's other name ''Egmond Willeram''.
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