Editing Dutch Formosa (section)

===Background===
{{main|Sino–Dutch conflicts|Dutch–Portuguese War}}
[[File:Dutch-pescadores.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Dutch map of the [[Pescadores]] from circa 1726.]]
The [[Dutch Republic]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]] came, at the beginning of the 17th century, inevitably in conflict with the forces of [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], in various parts of the world, as they further expanded their area of naval expeditions outside of Europe. In addition to the commercial conflict, the Dutch (and English) had also broken with the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century, unlike the staunchly-Catholic Iberian powers. The Dutch also [[Eighty Years' War|fought Spain from the 1560s through the 1640s]] for formal recognition of their independence and the integrity of their territory in Europe.

The Dutch first attempted to trade with China in 1601{{sfnb|Ts'ao|2006|p=28}} but were rebuffed by the Chinese authorities, who were already engaged in trade with the Portuguese at [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] from 1535.

In a 1604 expedition from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (the central base of the Dutch in Asia), Admiral Wybrand van Warwijk set out to attack Macau, but his force was waylaid by a [[typhoon]], driving them to the [[Pescadores]] ([[Penghu]]), a group of islands {{convert|30|mi|km|sigfig=1}} west of Formosa (Taiwan). Once there, the admiral attempted to negotiate trade terms with the Chinese on the mainland, but was asked to pay an exorbitant fee for the privilege of an interview. Surrounded by a vastly superior Chinese fleet, he left without achieving any of his aims.{{sfnb|Davidson|1903|p=10}}<ref>{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: When the Dutch were twice kicked out of Penghu |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2022/07/31/2003782707 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Taipei Times |date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730195831/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2022/07/31/2003782707 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Dutch East India Company tried to use military force to make China open up a port in Fujian to trade and demanded that China expel the Portuguese, whom the Dutch were fighting in the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], from Macau. The Dutch raided Chinese shipping after 1618 and took junks hostage in an unsuccessful attempt to get China to meet their demands.{{sfnb|Cooper|1979|p=658}}{{sfnb|Freeman|2003|p=132}}{{sfnb|Thomson|1996|p=39}}

In 1622, after another unsuccessful [[Battle of Macau|Dutch attack on Macau]] ([[trade post]] of [[Portugal]] from 1557) and the failure to set up a trading post in Fat Tong O (present day [[Hong Kong]]), the fleet sailed to the Pescadores, this time intentionally, and proceeded to set up a base there at [[Makung]] to disrupt trade with Manila. They built a [[Fengguiwei Fort|fort]] with [[forced labour]] recruited from the local Chinese population. Their oversight was reportedly so severe and rations so short that 1,300 of the 1,500 Chinese enslaved died in the process of construction.{{sfnb|Davidson|1903|p=11}}

The Dutch threatened Ming China with raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading on the Pescadores or Taiwan. They declared that merchants would be given Dutch passes for trips to Batavia and maybe Siam and Cambodia, but not to Manila, which would be subject to seizure by the Dutch.{{sfnb|Twitchett|Mote|1998|p=368}} They demanded that the Ming open up ports in Fujian (Fukien) to Dutch trade, which the Chinese refused. The governor of Fujian, Shang Zhouzuo, proposed that the Dutch leave the Pescadores in favor of Formosa, where the Chinese would then authorize them to engage in trade. This led to a series of clashes between the Dutch and China from 1622 to 1624.{{sfnb|Covell|1998|p=70}}{{sfnb|Wright|1908|p=817}} After Shang's proposal on 19 September 1622, the Dutch raided Amoy in October and November.{{sfnb|Twitchett|Mote|1998|p=368}} The Dutch intended to "induce the Chinese to trade by force or from fear." by raiding Fujian and Chinese shipping from the Pescadores.{{sfnb|Shepherd|1993|p=49}} Long artillery batteries were erected at Amoy in March 1622 by Colonel Li-kung-hwa as a defence against the Dutch.{{sfnb|Hughes|1872|p=25}} Although the Dutch officers on site realized that the Ming would not be bullied into trading with them, the command in Batavia were slow to catch on, as they commanded repeated violence against the Chinese with whom they intended to trade.{{sfnb|Twitchett|Mote|1998|p=368}}

On the Dutch attempt in 1623 to force China to open up a port, five Dutch ships were sent to [[Liu'ao, Zhangpu County|Liu-ao]] and the mission ended in failure for the Dutch, with a number of Dutch sailors taken prisoner and one of their ships lost. In response to the Dutch using captured Chinese for forced labor and strengthening their garrison in the Pescadores with five more ships in addition to the six already there, the new governor of Fujian, Nan Juyi, was permitted by China to begin preparations to attack the Dutch forces in July 1623. A Dutch raid was defeated by the Chinese at Amoy in October 1623, with the Chinese taking the Dutch commander Christian Francs prisoner and burning one of the four Dutch ships. [[Yu Zigao]] began an offensive in February 1624 with warships and troops against the Dutch in the Pescadores with the intent of expelling them.{{sfnb|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=1086}} The Chinese offensive reached the Dutch fort on 30 July 1624, with 5,000 Chinese troops (or 10,000) and 40-50 warships under Yu and General [[Wang Mengxiong]] surrounding the fort commanded by [[Martinus Sonck|Marten Sonck]], and the Dutch were forced to sue for peace on 3 August and folded before the Chinese demands, withdrawing from the Pescadores to Formosa. The Dutch admitted that their attempt at military force to coerce China into trading with them had failed with their defeat in the Pescadores. At the Chinese victory celebrations over the "red-haired barbarians," as the Dutch were called by the Chinese, Nan Juyi paraded twelve Dutch soldiers who were captured before the Emperor in Beijing.{{sfnb|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=1087}}{{sfnb|Twitchett|Mote|1998|p=369}}{{sfnb|Deng|1999|p=191}}{{sfnb|Parker|1917|p=92}} The Dutch were astonished that their violence did not intimidate the Chinese and at the subsequent Chinese attack on their fort in the Pescadores, since they thought them as timid and a "faint-hearted troupe," based on their experience with them in Southeast Asia.{{sfnb|Idema|1981|p=93}}