Editing East Village, Manhattan (section)

===Early development===
[[File:Stuyvesant Street.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Stuyvesant Street]], one of the neighborhood's oldest streets, in front of [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]]. This street served as the boundary between boweries 1{{nbs}}and 2, owned by [[Peter Stuyvesant]].]]

The area that is today known as the East Village was originally occupied by the [[Lenape]] Native people.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=8}} The Lenape relocated during different seasons, moving toward the shore to fish during the summers, and moving inland to hunt and grow crops during the fall and winter.{{sfn|Burrows|Wallace|1999|pp=5–23}} Manhattan was purchased in 1626 by [[Peter Minuit]] of the [[Dutch West India Company]], who served as director-general of [[New Netherland]].<ref>{{cite web | title=New York City in Indian possession |last=Bolton |first=Reginald Pelham, 1856–1942 |edition=2nd |publisher=Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation |year=1975 |via=Internet Archive | url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkcityinin00bolt | access-date=September 29, 2019 |page=7}}</ref>{{Sfn|Stokes,|1915|loc=vol. 1, p.6}}

The population of the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] was located primarily below the current [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton Street]], while north of it were a number of small plantations and large farms that were then called ''bouwerij'' (anglicized to "boweries"; {{langx|nl|label=modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|boerderij}}). Around these farms were a number of enclaves of free or "half-free" Africans, which served as a buffer between the Dutch and the Native Americans.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=8}}{{Sfn|Stokes,|1915|loc=vol. 1, pp. 18–20}} One of the largest of these was located along the modern [[Bowery]] between Prince Street and [[Astor Place]], as well as the "only separate enclave" of this type within Manhattan.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=8}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Foote | first=T.W. | title=Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-19-508809-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf3dR6wabKsC | access-date=September 30, 2019 | page=149}}</ref> These Black farmers were some of the earliest settlers of the area.<ref name="encnyc"/>{{rp|769–770}}

There were several "boweries" within what is now the East Village. Bowery no.{{nbs}}2 passed through several inhabitants, before the eastern half of the land was subdivided and given to Harmen Smeeman in 1647. [[Peter Stuyvesant]], the director-general of New Netherland, owned adjacent bowery no.{{nbs}}1 and bought bowery no.{{nbs}}2 in 1656 for [[Stuyvesant Farm|his farm]]. Stuyvesant's manor, also called Bowery, was near what is now 10th Street between Second and Third Avenues. Though the manor burned down in the 1770s, his family held onto the land for over seven generations, until a descendant began selling off parcels in the early 19th century.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=5}}{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=9}}

Bowery no. 3 was located near today's 2nd Street between Second Avenue and the modern street named Bowery. It was owned by Gerrit Hendricksen in 1646 and later given to Philip Minthorne by 1732. The Minthorne and Stuyvesant families both held enslaved people on their farms.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=9}} According to an 1803 deed, enslaved people held by Stuyvesant were to be buried in a cemetery plot at [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]].<ref name="Valentine's Manual 1862">{{cite book |title=Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York |last1=Valentine |first1=David Thomas (1801–1869) |publisher=[[New York City Council|New York City Common Council]] (publisher) (see [[New York City Board of Aldermen]]). Edmund Jones & Co. (printer) |year=1862 |via=HathiTrust |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066343512&view=1up&seq=758 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |page=690 }} {{LCCN|10006227}}; {{OCLC|6671620|show=all}}.<div style="margin-left:2em">Re: ''[[Valentine's Manual]]''.</div></ref> The Stuyvesants' estate later expanded to include two [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style manors: the "Bowery House" to the south{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=5}}{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=9}} and "Petersfield" to the north.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=6}}{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=10}}

Many of these farms had become wealthy country estates by the middle of the 18th century. The Stuyvesant, DeLancey, and Rutgers families would come to own most of the land on the Lower East Side, including the portions that would later become the East Village.{{sfn|Burrows|Wallace|1999|pp=178–179}} By the late 18th century Lower Manhattan estate owners started having their lands surveyed to facilitate the future growth of Lower Manhattan into a [[street grid]] system. The Stuyvesant plot, surveyed in the 1780s or 1790s, was planned to be developed with a new grid around [[Stuyvesant Street]], a street that ran compass west–east. This contrasted with the grid system that was ultimately laid out under the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]], which is offset by 28.9 degrees clockwise. Stuyvesant Street formed the border between former boweries 1{{nbs}}and 2, and the grid surrounding it included four north–south and nine west–east streets.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=5}}{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=9}}

Because each landowner had done their own survey, there were different street grids that did not align with each other. Various state laws, passed in the 1790s, gave the city of New York the ability to plan out, open, and close streets.{{sfn|Brazee|Most|2012|p=6}}{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=10}} The final plan, published in 1811, resulted in the current street grid north of [[Houston Street]]{{snd}}and most of the streets in the modern East Village{{snd}}were conformed to this plan, except for Stuyvesant Street.{{sfn|Lockwood,|1972|p=196}} The north–south avenues within the Lower East Side were finished in the 1810s, followed by the west–east streets in the 1820s.{{Sfn|Stokes,|1915|loc=vol. 5, p. 1668}}