Editing Economic sanctions (section)

=== World War I and the Interwar period ===
Sanctions in the form of blockades were prominent during [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mulder|first=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMhQEAAAQBAJ|title=The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War|date=2022|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-26252-0|language=en}}</ref> Debates about implementing sanctions through international organizations, such as the [[League of Nations]], became prominent after the end of World War I.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potter|first=Pitman B.|date=1922|title=Sanctions and Guaranties in International Organization|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305540001950X/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=297–303|doi=10.2307/1943965|issn=0003-0554|jstor=1943965|s2cid=143600305 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Leaders saw sanctions as a viable alternative to war.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=T. Clifton |last2=Syropoulos |first2=Constantinos |last3=Yotov |first3=Yoto V. |date=2023 |title=Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1257/jep.37.1.3 |s2cid=256661026 |issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The League Covenant permitted the use of sanctions in five cases:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buell |first=Raymond Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ |title=International Relations |date=1925 |publisher=H. Holt |pages=564–565 |language=en}}</ref>

# When Article 10 of the League Covenant is violated
# In case of war or threat of war (Article 11)
# When a League member does not pay an [[arbitration award]] (Article 12)
# When a League member goes to war without submitting the dispute to the League Council or League Assembly (Articles 12–15)
# When a non-member goes to war against a League member (Article 17)

The [[Abyssinia Crisis]] in 1935 resulted in League sanctions against Mussolini's Italy under Article 16 of the Covenant. Oil supplies, however, were not stopped, nor the [[Suez Canal]] closed to Italy, and the conquest proceeded. The sanctions were lifted in 1936 and Italy left the League in 1937.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, "The Italo-Ethiopian War and League of Nations Sanctions, 1935–1936." ''Genève-Afrique/Geneva-Africa 13.2'' (1974): 5+.</ref><ref>George W. Baer, ''Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations'' (Hoover Institution Press, 1976).</ref><ref>Gaines Post, Jr, "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis." ''International History Review'' 1#4 (1979): 522–541.</ref><ref>G. Bruce Strang,  "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 19.2 (2008): 210–235.</ref>

In the lead-up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States imposed severe trade restrictions on Japan to discourage further Japanese conquests in East Asia.<ref name=":11" />