Editing Electromagnetic propulsion (section)

==Uses==

=== Trains ===
[[File:JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg|thumb|[[SCMaglev]] on the [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] test track in Japan in November 2005]]

Electromagnetic propulsion is utilized in transportation systems to minimize friction and maximize speed over long distances. This has mainly been implemented in high-speed rail systems that use a linear induction motor to power trains by magnetic currents. It has also been utilized in theme parks to create high-speed [[roller coaster]]s and water rides.

'''Maglev'''
{{Main article|Maglev (transport)}}

	In a [[maglev (transport)|maglev train]] the primary coil assembly lies below the reaction plate.<ref name =katenine /> There is a 1–10&nbsp;cm (0.39-3.93&nbsp;inch) air gap between that eliminates friction, allowing for speeds up to 500&nbsp;km/h (310&nbsp;mph).<ref name =katenine /> An alternating electric current is supplied to the coils, which creates a change in polarity of the magnetic field.<ref name =kateseven /> This pulls the train forward from the front, and thrusts the train forward from the back.<ref name =kateten>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2616339.stm |title=Shanghai supertrain makes first journey |date=December 31, 2002 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

A typical Maglev train costs three cents per passenger mile, or seven cents per ton mile (not including construction costs).<ref name =kateeight /> This compares to 15 cents per passenger miles for travel by plane and 30 cents for ton mile for travel by intercity trucks.<ref name =kateeight /> Maglev tracks have high longevity due to minimal friction and an even distribution of weight.<ref name =kateseven /> Most last for at least 50 years and require little maintenance during this time.<ref name =katesix /> Maglev trains are promoted for their [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] since they run on electricity, which can be produced by coal, nuclear, hydro, fusion, wind or solar power without requiring oil.<ref name =katefour /> On average most trains travel 483&nbsp;km/h (300&nbsp;mph) and use 0.4 megajoules per passenger mile.<ref name =kateeight /> Using a 20&nbsp;mi/gallon car with 1.8 people as a comparison, travel by car is typically 97&nbsp;km/h (60&nbsp;mph) and uses 4 megajoules per passenger mile.<ref name =kateeight /> The carbon dioxide emissions are based upon the method of electrical production and [[Fossil-fuel power station|fuel use]]. Many renewable electrical production methods generate little or no carbon dioxide during production (although carbon dioxide may be released during manufacture of the components, e.g. the steel used in wind turbines). The running of the train is significantly quieter than other trains, trucks or airplanes.<ref name =katefive />
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'''Assembly: Linear Induction Motor'''
{{Main article|Linear motor}}

A [[linear motor|linear induction motor]] consists of two parts: the primary coil assembly and the reaction plate.<ref name =kateseven>[http://www.gluckman.com/Maglev.html Gluckman, R. (n.d.). Is it a Bird? a plane?. Retrieved from gluckman.com]</ref><ref name=katesix>Lmac - ac linear induction motor. (2010). Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www.baldormotion.com/products/linearproducts/lmac.asp |title=LMAC - AC Linear Induction Motor: Baldor, a leader in motion control, servo, linear motors, energy efficient electric motors and adjustable speed drives |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054216/http://www.baldormotion.com/products/linearproducts/lmac.asp |archive-date=2010-01-05 }}</ref> The primary coil assembly consists of phase windings surrounded by steel laminations, and includes a thermal sensor within a thermal epoxy.<ref name="kateeight">{{cite journal|title=The Bachelet Levitated Railway |journal=Nature|volume=93|issue=2324|year=1914|pages=273|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/093273a0|bibcode=1914Natur..93Q.273.|s2cid=11904735|doi-access=free}}</ref> The reaction plate consists of a 3.2&nbsp;mm (0.125&nbsp;inch) thick aluminum or copper plate bonded to a 6.4&nbsp;mm (0.25&nbsp;inch) thick cold rolled steel sheet.<ref name =katesix /> There is an air gap between these two parts that creates the frictionless property an electromagnetic propulsion system encompasses.<ref name =katenine>{{Cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/maglev-train1.htm |last=Bonsor |first=K |date=October 13, 2010 |title=How Maglev trains work}}</ref><ref name =katesix /> Functioning of a linear induction motor begins with an AC force that is supplied to the coil windings within the primary coil assembly.<ref name =katefour /> This creates a traveling magnetic field that induces a current in the reaction plate, which then creates its own magnetic field.<ref name =kateten /> The magnetic fields in the primary coil assembly and reaction plate alternate, which generates force and direct linear motion.<ref name =katesix />

=== Spacecraft ===
{{main article|Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion}}
[[File:Plasma propulsion engine.webp|thumb|3D sketch of an electromagnetic propulsion [[Plasma propulsion engine|fusion plasma]] thruster]]
There are multiple applications for EMP technologies in the field of aerospace. Many of these applications are conceptual as of now, however, there are also several applications that range from near term to next century.<ref>Byers, D. C. (1984). The NASA electric propulsion program. JSASS/AIAA/DGLR 17th International Electric Propulsion Conference, 1-9.</ref> One of such applications is the use of EMP to control fine adjustments of orbiting satellites. One of these particular systems is based on the direct interactions of the vehicle's own electromagnetic field and the magnetic field of the Earth. The thrust force may be thought of as an electrodynamic force of interaction of the electric current inside its conductors with the applied natural field of the Earth.<ref name =joetwelve>{{cite journal|last1=Pulatov|first1=Valentine|title=Magnetic propulsion systems|journal=[[Progress in Aerospace Sciences]]|volume=37|issue=3|date=April 2001|pages=245–261|issn=0376-0421|doi=10.1016/S0376-0421(01)00006-9|bibcode=2001PrAeS..37..245P}}</ref> To attain a greater force of interaction, the magnetic field must be propagated further from the flight craft. The advantages of such systems is the very precise and instantaneous control over the thrust force. In addition, the expected electrical efficiencies are far greater than those of current chemical rockets that attain propulsion through the intermediate use of heat; this results in low efficiencies and large amounts of gaseous pollutants.<ref name =joethirteen>{{cite journal|last1=Pulatov|first1=Valentine |title=Physics of magnetic propulsion|journal=Progress in Aerospace Sciences|volume=41|issue=1|date=January 2005|pages=64–91|issn=0376-0421|doi=10.1016/j.paerosci.2005.02.003 |bibcode=2005PrAeS..41...64P}}</ref> The electrical energy in the coil of the EMP system is translated to potential and kinetic energy through direct energy conversion. This results in the system having the same high efficiencies as other electrical machines while excluding the ejection of any substance into the environment.<ref name =joethirteen />

The current thrust-to mass ratios of these systems are relatively low. Nevertheless, since they do not require reaction mass, the vehicle mass is constant. Also, the thrust can be continuous with relatively low electric consumption.<ref name =joetwelve /> The biggest limitation would be mainly the electrical conductance of materials to produce the necessary values of the current in the propulsion system.

=== Ships and Submarines ===

EMP and its applications for seagoing ships and submarines have been investigated since at least 1958 when Warren Rice filed a patent describing the technology.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=2997013|pubdate=1961-08-22|title=Propulsion system|assign1=Carl E. Grebe & inventor|inventor1-last=Rice|inventor1-first=Warren A.}}</ref> The technology described by Rice considered charging the hull of the vessel itself. The design was later refined by allowing the water to flow through thrusters as described in a later patent by James Meng.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=5333444|pubdate=1994-08-02|title=Superconducting electromagnetic thruster|assign1=[[Secretary of the United States Navy]]|inventor1-last=Meng|inventor1-first=James C. S.}}</ref> The arrangement consists of a water channel open at both ends extending longitudinally through or attached to the ship, a means for producing magnetic field throughout the water channel, [[electrode]]s at each side of the channel and source of power to send [[direct current]] through the channel at right angles to magnetic flux in accordance with Lorentz force.<ref>Friauf, J. B. (1961). Electromagnetic ship propulsion. American Society of Naval Engineers -- Journal, 73(1), 139-142.</ref>

===Elevators===
Cable-free [[elevator]]s using EMP, capable of moving both vertically and horizontally, have been developed by German engineering firm [[Thyssen Krupp]] for use in high rise, high density buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=MULTI - Rope-free elevator system - thyssenkrupp Elevator|url=https://multi.thyssenkrupp-elevator.com/en/|website=multi.thyssenkrupp-elevator.com|publisher=[[Thyssen Krupp]]|access-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119034447/https://multi.thyssenkrupp-elevator.com/en/|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Condliffe|first1=Jamie|title=World's First Cable-Free Elevator Zooms Horizontally and Vertically Using Maglev Tech
 |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608167/worlds-first-cable-free-elevator-zooms-horizontally-and-vertically-using-maglev-tech/ |date=June 23, 2017 |work=MIT Technology Review|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|access-date=19 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>