Editing Electronic stability control (section)

=== Introduction, second generation ===
In 1995, three automobile manufacturers introduced ESC systems. Mercedes-Benz, supplied by Bosch, was the first to implement ESP with their [[Mercedes-Benz C140|Mercedes-Benz S 600 Coupé]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.daimler.com/Projects/c2c/channel/documents/1892377_CL_Klasse_e_2010.pdf |title=The CL-Class from Mercedes-Benz |date=July 2010 |access-date=2014-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230184646/http://www.daimler.com/Projects/c2c/channel/documents/1892377_CL_Klasse_e_2010.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-30 }}</ref> [[Toyota]]'s Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) system appeared on the [[Toyota Crown Majesta#Second-generation series S150|Toyota Crown Majesta]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vehicle Stability Control System |url=http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/5-13.php |website=JSAE.or.jp |language=ja}}</ref>

[[General Motors]] worked with [[Delphi Automotive]] and introduced its version of ESC, called "StabiliTrak", in 1996 for the 1997 model year on select [[Cadillac]] models.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cars.com/reviews/detroit-newspaperss-view-1420689173171/ |title=1997 Cadillac DeVille - Detroit Newspapers Review |website=Cars.com |access-date=2018-10-04 }}</ref> StabiliTrak was made standard equipment on all GM SUVs and vans sold in the U.S. and Canada by 2007, except for certain commercial and fleet vehicles. While the StabiliTrak name is used on most General Motors vehicles for the U.S. market, "Electronic Stability Control" is used for GM's overseas brands, such as Opel, Holden and [[Saab Automobile|Saab]], except in the cases of Saab's [[Saab 9-7X|9-7X]] and [[Saab 9-4X|9-4X]] (which also use the StabiliTrak name).

The same year, Cadillac introduced an [[System integration|integrated]] vehicle [[Car handling|handling]] and software control system called the Integrated Chassis Control System (ICCS), on the [[Cadillac Eldorado]]. It involves an omnibus computer integration of engine, traction control, Stabilitrak electronic stability control, [[steering]], and adaptive [[continuously variable road sensing suspension]] (CVRSS), with the intent of improving responsiveness to driver input, performance, and overall safety, similar to Toyota/[[Lexus]] Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management.

In 1997, [[Audi]] introduced the first series production ESP for [[all-wheel drive]] vehicles ([[Audi A8]] and [[Audi A6]] with quattro (four-wheel drive system)){{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}. In 1998, [[Volvo Cars]] began to offer their version of ESC called Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) on the new [[Volvo S80]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/s80/press/s80press5.shtml |title=Volvo S80 |website=Volvoclub.org.uk |access-date=2017-05-24 }}</ref> Meanwhile, others investigated and developed their own systems.

During a [[moose test]], Swedish journalist Robert Collin of ''[[Teknikens Värld]]'' [[Vehicle rollover|rolled]] a Mercedes [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|A-Class]] (without ESC) at 78&nbsp;km/h in October 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/0005/11/collin.html|title=Mercedes fryser ut Robert Collin |website=Aftonbladet.se |access-date=2011-11-13 }}</ref> Because Mercedes Benz promoted a reputation for safety, they recalled and retrofitted 130,000 A-Class cars with firmer suspension and sportier tyres; all newly produced A- class featured ESC as standard along with the upgraded suspension and wheels. This produced a significant reduction in crashes, and the number of vehicles with ESC rose. The availability of ESC in small cars like the A-Class ignited a market trend; thus, ESC became available for all models (whether standard or as an option).

[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'s version of ESC, called AdvanceTrac, was launched in the year 2000. Ford later added [[Roll Stability Control]] to AdvanceTrac<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=20679 |title=Ford Media, "Advancetrac With Roll Stability Control – The Ford Advantage" |website=Media.ford.com |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522154855/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=20679 |archive-date=2012-05-22 }}</ref><ref name="fordrsc">{{cite web |url=http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0136-O.pdf |title=Jianbo Lu, Dave Messih, and Albert Salib, "Roll Rate Based Stability Control – The Roll Stability Control System," Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference, 2007 |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205247/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0136-O.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> which was first introduced in the [[Volvo XC90]] in 2003. It has been implemented in many Ford vehicles since.

Ford and Toyota announced that all their North American vehicles would be equipped with ESC standard by the end of 2009 (it was standard on Toyota [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]] as of 2004, and after the 2011 model year, all Lexus, Toyota, and [[Scion (automobile)|Scion]] vehicles had ESC; the last one to get it was the 2011 model-year [[Scion tC]]).<ref>[http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=24259 Ford Motor Company – Press Release – FORD TO MAKE ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL STANDARD ON ALL CARS AND TRUCKS BY END OF 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316231420/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=24259 |date=March 16, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wheels.ca/article/19503 |title=Imports sweep safety list in U.S |website=Wheels.ca |date=2006-11-25 |access-date=2011-11-13}}</ref> However, as of November 2010, Ford still sold models in North America without ESC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-tp14651-vs200701-table_10-752.htm |title=ESC Fitment – Model Year 2010 |website=Tc.gc.ca |date=2010-10-08 |access-date=2011-11-13}}</ref> General Motors had made a similar announcement for the end of 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3328 |title=Electronic Stability Control, GM |website=Technologynewsdaily.com |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-date=2007-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129112437/http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3328 }}</ref>