Editing Embedded system (section)

=== Background ===
{{See also|Microprocessor chronology}}

The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the [[MOS integrated circuit]], which is an [[integrated circuit]] chip [[semiconductor device fabrication|fabricated]] from [[MOSFET]]s (metal–oxide–semiconductor [[field-effect transistor]]s) and was developed in the early 1960s. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher [[transistor density]] and lower manufacturing costs than [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by [[Moore's law]], leading to [[large-scale integration]] (LSI) with hundreds of [[transistors]] on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to [[computing]] was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete [[computer processor]] system could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first multi-chip microprocessors, the [[Four-Phase Systems AL1]] in 1969 and the [[Garrett AiResearch]] [[MP944]] in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the [[Intel 4004]], released in 1971. It was developed by [[Federico Faggin]], using his [[silicon-gate]] MOS technology, along with [[Intel]] engineers [[Marcian Hoff]] and [[Stan Mazor]], and [[Busicom]] engineer [[Masatoshi Shima]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>