Editing Emigration (section)

== "Push" and "pull" factors==
{{main|push and pull factors}}
Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zeev Ben-Sira|title=Immigration, Stress, and Readjustment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpLWW8Xe-tcC&pg=PA7|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood |pages=7–10|isbn=9780275956325}}</ref>  Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as ''pull'' factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Lee|first1=Eun Su|title=Global Migration and Cross-Cultural Management: Understanding the Past, Moving Towards the Future |date=2020|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-handbook-of-contemporary-cross-cultural-management/i4058.xml|work=The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary Cross-Cultural Management|pages=408–423|place=London |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|doi=10.4135/9781529714340.n30|isbn=978-1-5264-4132-4|access-date=2021-09-27|last2=Nguyen|first2=Duc Cuong|last3=Szkudlarek|first3=Betina|s2cid=226552956|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Szkudlarek 461–484"/>

=== Push factors ===
* Poor living conditions or [[overcrowding]]
* Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities
* Lack of educational opportunities
* Threat of arrest or punishment
* Persecution or intolerance based on race, religion, gender or sexual orientation
* Political corruption, lack of [[government transparency]] or [[freedom of speech]]
* Inability to find a spouse for marriage
* Lack of [[Religious freedom|freedom to choose religion]], or to choose no religion
* [[Resource depletion]], [[scarcity]] or [[austerity]]
* [[Conscription|Military draft]], warfare or [[terrorism]]
* Expulsion by armed force or coercion
* [[Recession]] or [[economic collapse]]
* [[Famine]] or drought
* [[Cultural imperialism|Cultural fights]] with [[Auto-segregation|other cultural groups]]

=== Pull factors ===
*Higher [[quality of life]], economic growth or lower [[cost of living]]
*Encouragement to join relatives or fellow countrymen; [[chain migration]]
*Quick wealth (as in a gold rush)
*More job opportunities or promise of higher pay
*[[Prosperity]] or [[economic surplus]]
*Educational opportunity (including university for adults or K-12 for children)
*Prepaid travel (as from relatives)
*Building a new nation (historically)
*Building specific cultural or religious communities
*Political freedom
*Cultural opportunities
*Greater opportunity to find a spouse
*Favorable climate 
*Ease of crossing boundaries
*Reduced tariff

=== Criticism ===
Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding [[international migration]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The age of migration : international population movements in the modern world|last=Castles |first=Stephen |date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230355767|pages=20–48|oclc=915478576}}</ref> Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."<ref>Moya, J. C. (1998). Cousins and strangers. Spanish immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850–1930. Berkeley, University of California Press. p.14</ref>