Editing End-to-end delay (section)

===Direct===
OWDs may be measured between two points ''A'' and ''B'' of an [[IP network]] through the use of synchronized clocks; ''A'' records a timestamp on the packet and sends it to ''B'', which notes the receiving time and calculates the OWD as their difference. The transmitted packets need to be identified at source and destination in order to avoid [[packet loss]] or packet reordering. However, this method suffers several limitations, such as requiring intensive cooperation between both parties, and the accuracy of the measured delay is subject to the synchronization precision.

The [[Minimum-Pairs Protocol]] is an example by which several cooperating entities, ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'', could measure OWDs between one of them and a fourth less cooperative one (e.g., between ''B'' and ''X'').<ref name="Abdou">{{Cite journal|title = Accurate One-Way Delay Estimation with Reduced Client-Trustworthiness|last1 = Abdou|first1 = AbdelRahman|date = May 2015|journal = IEEE Communications Letters|volume = 19|issue = 5|pages = 735–738|doi = 10.1109/LCOMM.2015.2411591|first2 = Ashraf|last2 = Matrawy|first3 = Paul|last3 = van Oorschot|citeseerx = 10.1.1.696.7425|s2cid = 17100293}}</ref>