Editing Environmental factor (section)

==Exposome<!--'Exposome' redirects here-->==
{{Main article|Exposome}}
{{See also|Epigenetics}}
The '''exposome'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> encompasses the set of human environmental (i.e. non-genetic) [[Exposure assessment|exposure]]s from conception onwards, complementing the [[genome]]. The exposome was first proposed in 2005 by  [[Epidemiology of cancer|cancer epidemiologist]] Christopher Paul Wild in an article entitled "Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild CP | title = Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1847–1850 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16103423 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The concept of the exposome and how to assess it has led to lively discussions with varied views in 2010,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rappaport SM, Smith MT | title = Epidemiology. Environment and disease risks | journal = Science | volume = 330 | issue = 6003 | pages = 460–461 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20966241 | pmc = 4841276 | doi = 10.1126/science.1192603 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rappaport SM | title = Implications of the exposome for exposure science | journal = Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–9 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21081972 | doi = 10.1038/jes.2010.50 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011JESEE..21....5R }}</ref> 2012,<ref name="Wild 24–32">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild CP | title = The exposome: from concept to utility | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–32 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22296988 | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyr236 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters A, Hoek G, Katsouyanni K | title = Understanding the link between environmental exposures and health: does the exposome promise too much? | journal = Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–105 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22080817 | doi = 10.1136/jech-2011-200643 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Buck Louis GM, Sundaram R | title = Exposome: time for transformative research | journal = Statistics in Medicine | volume = 31 | issue = 22 | pages = 2569–2575 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22969025 | pmc = 3842164 | doi = 10.1002/sim.5496 }}</ref><ref name = "CDC">{{cite web | work = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date = 2012 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/exposome/ | title = Exposome and Exposomics | access-date = 5 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Buck Louis GM, Yeung E, Sundaram R, Laughon SK, Zhang C | title = The exposome--exciting opportunities for discoveries in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology | journal = Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–236 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23574410 | pmc = 3625972 | doi = 10.1111/ppe.12040 }}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vrijheid M, Slama R, Robinson O, Chatzi L, Coen M, van den Hazel P, Thomsen C, Wright J, Athersuch TJ, Avellana N, Basagaña X, Brochot C, Bucchini L, Bustamante M, Carracedo A, Casas M, Estivill X, Fairley L, van Gent D, Gonzalez JR, Granum B, Gražulevičienė R, Gutzkow KB, Julvez J, Keun HC, Kogevinas M, McEachan RR, Meltzer HM, Sabidó E, Schwarze PE, Siroux V, Sunyer J, Want EJ, Zeman F, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ | display-authors = 6 | title = The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 122 | issue = 6 | pages = 535–544 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24610234 | pmc = 4048258 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1307204 | bibcode = 2014EnvHP.122..535V }}</ref>  2014<ref name="The nature of nurture: refining the">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller GW, Jones DP | title = The nature of nurture: refining the definition of the exposome | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 137 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–2 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24213143 | pmc = 3871934 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kft251 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | veditors = Porta M | vauthors = Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM | date = 2014 | url = http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en | title = A dictionary of epidemiology | edition = 6th | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780199976737}}</ref> and 2021.<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang X, Gao P, Snyder MP | title = The Exposome in the Era of the Quantified Self | journal = Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 255–277 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34465170 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807 | s2cid = 237374961 }}</ref>

In his 2005 article, Wild stated, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course environmental exposures (including [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] factors), from the [[prenatal]] period onwards." The concept was first proposed to draw attention to the need for better and more complete environmental exposure data for causal research, in order to balance the investment in genetics. According to Wild,  even incomplete versions of the exposome could be useful to [[epidemiology]]. In 2012, Wild outlined methods, including personal sensors, [[biomarker]]s, and '[[omics]]' technologies, to better define the exposome.<ref name="Wild 24–32"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Warth B, Spangler S, Fang M, Johnson CH, Forsberg EM, Granados A, Martin RL, Domingo-Almenara X, Huan T, Rinehart D, Montenegro-Burke JR, Hilmers B, Aisporna A, Hoang LT, Uritboonthai W, Benton HP, Richardson SD, Williams AJ, Siuzdak G | display-authors = 6 | title = Exposome-Scale Investigations Guided by Global Metabolomics, Pathway Analysis, and Cognitive Computing | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 89 | issue = 21 | pages = 11505–11513 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28945073 | doi = 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02759 }}</ref> He described three overlapping domains within the exposome:
# a general external environment including the [[urban environment]], [[education]], [[climate]] factors, [[social capital]], [[stress (psychological)|stress]],
# a specific external environment with specific [[contaminant]]s, [[radiation]],  [[infection]]s, [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] factors (e.g. [[tobacco]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]), [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[physical activity]], etc.
# an internal environment to include internal biological factors such as [[metabolic]] factors, [[hormones]], [[gut microflora]], [[inflammation]], [[oxidative stress]].
[[File:Exposome nruaux.jpg|alt=Exposome|thumb|Exposome]]
In late 2013, this definition was explained in greater depth in the first book on the exposome.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Miller G | isbn = 978-0124172173 | date = 2 December 2013 | pages = 118 | title = The Exposome: A Primer | publisher = Elsevier | url = https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-exposome/miller/978-0-12-417217-3 | access-date = 16 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=G x E = ?| url=http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/g-x-e/ | vauthors = Miller G |date=20 November 2013|publisher=Elsevier|work=Sci Connect|access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>
In 2014, the same author revised the definition to include the body's response with its endogenous metabolic processes which alter the processing of chemicals.<ref name="The nature of nurture: refining the"/> More recently, evidenced by metabolic exposures in and around the time of pregnancy, the maternal metabolic exposome<ref name="pmid34167845">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strain J, Spaans F, Serhan M, Davidge ST, Connor KL | title = Programming of weight and obesity across the lifecourse by the maternal metabolic exposome: A systematic review | journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine | volume = 87 | issue = | pages = 100986 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 34167845 | doi = 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100986 | s2cid = 235635449 }}</ref> includes exposures such as maternal obesity/overweight and diabetes, and malnutrition, including high fat/high calorie diets, which are associated with poor fetal, infant and child growth,<ref name="pmid30181654">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Pan L, Liu E, Liu H, Liu J, Wang S, Guo J, Li N, Zhang C, Hu G | title = Gestational diabetes and offspring's growth from birth to 6 years old | journal = International Journal of Obesity | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 663–672 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30181654 | pmc = 6532057 | doi = 10.1038/s41366-018-0193-z }}</ref> and increased incidence of obesity and other metabolic disorders in later life.