Editing Evacuation simulation (section)

== Simulation of evacuations ==
{{Section citations needed|date=August 2024}}
Buildings (train stations, sports stadia), ships, aircraft, tunnels, and trains are similar concerning their evacuation: the persons are walking towards a safe area. In addition, persons might use slides or similar evacuation systems and for ships the lowering of life-boats.<ref>{{Citation |title=Evacuation Modelling using FDS+Evac, PathFinder, STEPS and Unity3D |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bYH3di0xCc |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tunnels ===
Tunnels are unique environments with their own specific characteristics: underground spaces, unknown to users, no natural light, etc. which affect different aspects of evacuees behaviours such as pre-evacuation times (e.g. occupants' reluctance to leave the vehicles), occupant–occupant and occupant–environment interactions, herding behaviour and exit selection.

=== Ships ===
Four aspects are particular for ship evacuation:
* Ratio of number of crew to number of passengers,
* Ship motion,
* Floating position
* The evacuation system (e.g., slides, life-boats).

Ship motion and/or abnormal floating position may decrease the ability to move. This influence has been investigated experimentally and can be taken into account by reduction factors.

The evacuation of a ship is divided into two separate phases: assembly phase and [[wiktionary:embarkation|embarkation]] phase.

=== Aircraft ===
The American [[Federal Aviation Administration]] requires that aircraft have to be able to be evacuated within 90 seconds.  This criterion has to be checked before approval of the aircraft.

The 90-second rule requires the demonstration that all passengers and crew members can safely abandon the aircraft cabin in less than 90 seconds, with half of the usable exits blocked, with the minimum illumination provided by floor proximity lighting, and a certain age-gender mix in the simulated occupants.

The rule was established in 1965 with 120 seconds, and has been evolving over the years to encompass the improvements in escape equipment, changes in cabin and seat material, and more complete and appropriate crew training.