Editing Existential phenomenology (section)

==Development==
Besides Heidegger, other existential phenomenologists were [[Max Scheler]], [[Wilhelmus Luijpen]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Emmanuel Levinas]], [[Gabriel Marcel]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Edith Stein]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Enzo Paci|it}} and [[Samuel Todes]]. Many of these phenomenologists' conceptions of the self and self-consciousness are built on criticisms of or response to [[Edmund Husserl]]'s initial views.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cerbone|first=David R.|title=Understanding Phenomenology|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84465-054-5|location=Oxon|pages=66|language=en}}</ref> 

Sartre synthesized Husserl and Heidegger's ideas. His modifications include his replacement of Husserl's concept, ''epoche'', with Heidegger's structure of ''being-in-the -world''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sartre|first=Jean-Paul|title=Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001|isbn=0-415-21367-3|location=London|pages=60|language=en}}</ref> His existential phenomenology, which is articulated in his works such as ''[[Being and Nothingness]]'' (1943), is based on the distinction between being-in-itself and being-for-itself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zahavi|first=Dan|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-875534-0|location=Oxford|pages=40|language=en}}</ref> Beauvoir placed her discourse on existential phenomenology within her intertwining of literature and philosophy as a way to reflect concrete experience. In her works on women's lived experiences, she attempted to address the problems between the sexes as well as the reconciliation of related strands of continental philosophical traditions, which include the philosophy of Heidegger, the phenomenological methods of Husserl and Sartre, and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]'s philosophy of history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=O'Brien|first1=Wendy|title=The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir|last2=Embree|first2=Lester|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2001|isbn=978-90-481-5732-7|location=Dordrecht|pages=9, 151|language=en}}</ref>

Arendt's existential phenomenology reflected a distrust of mass society and her preference for the preservation of social groups citing the persecution of Jews as an example of victimization by societies' atomizing processes.<ref name=":0" />