Editing Exoenzyme (section)

==Function==
In [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]], exoenzymes play an integral role in allowing the organisms to effectively interact with their environment. Many bacteria use digestive enzymes to break down nutrients in their surroundings. Once digested, these nutrients enter the bacterium, where they are used to power cellular pathways with help from [[endoenzyme]]s.<ref name="bacteria exoenzymes">{{cite web|last=Kaiser|first=Gary|title=Lab 8: Identification of Bacteria Through Biochemical Testing|url=http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab8/lab8.html|work=Biol 230 Lab Manual|accessdate=9 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211073425/http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab8/lab8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many exoenzymes are also used as [[virulence factor]]s. [[Pathogen]]s, both bacterial and fungal, can use exoenzymes as a primary mechanism with which to cause [[disease]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The [[metabolic activity]] of the exoenzymes allows the bacterium to invade [[host (biology)|host]] organisms by breaking down the host cells' defensive outer layers or by [[necrotizing]] body [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]s of larger organisms.<ref name=virulence>{{cite book |last=Duben-Engelkirk|first=Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet|title=Burton's microbiology for the health sciences|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781605476735|pages=173–174|edition=9th}}</ref> Many [[gram-negative bacteria]] have [[injectisome]]s, or [[flagella]]-like projections, to directly deliver the virulent exoenzyme into the host cell using a [[type three secretion system]].<ref name="type III sec">{{cite journal |vauthors= Erhardt M, Namba K, Hughes KT |title= Bacterial nanomachines: the flagellum and type III injectisome |journal= Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume= 2 |issue= 11 |pages= a000299 |date= November 2010 |pmid= 20926516 |doi= 10.1101/cshperspect.a000299 |pmc=2964186}}</ref> With either process, pathogens can attack the host cell's structure and function, as well as its nucleic DNA.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= McGuffie EM, Fraylick JE, Hazen-Martin DJ, Vincent TS, Olson JC |title= Differential sensitivity of human epithelial cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S |journal= Infection and Immunity |volume= 67 |issue= 7 |pages= 3494–503 |date= July 1999 |doi= 10.1128/IAI.67.7.3494-3503.1999 |pmid= 10377131 |pmc=116536}}</ref>

In [[eukaryotic]] cells, exoenzymes are manufactured like any other [[enzyme]] via [[protein synthesis]], and are transported via the [[secretory pathway]]. After moving through the [[rough endoplasmic reticulum]], they are processed through the [[Golgi apparatus]], where they are packaged in [[vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicles]] and released out of the cell.<ref name="sec path">{{cite book |last=Lodish|first=Harvey|title=Molecular cell biology|year=2008|publisher=Freeman|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0716776017|edition=6th ed., [2nd print.].}}</ref> In [[human]]s, a majority of such exoenzymes can be found in the [[digestive system]] and are used for [[metabolic]] breakdown of [[macronutrient]]s via [[hydrolysis]]. Breakdown of these nutrients allows for their incorporation into other [[metabolic pathway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andrews|first=Lary|title=Supplemental Enzymes for Digestion|url=http://www.donttouchme.com/web/sites/enzymesinc/enzymeswhitepaper/hhr_paper.html|work=Health and Healing Research|accessdate=9 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727190532/http://www.donttouchme.com/web/sites/enzymesinc/enzymeswhitepaper/hhr_paper.html|archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>