Editing Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (section)

===Assyrian captivity===
{{Main|Assyrian captivity|Ten Lost Tribes}}
;733/2 [[Common Era|BCE]]: [[Tiglath-Pileser III]], King of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], sacked the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] and annexed the [[Transjordan (Bible)|territory]] of the tribes of [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]] and [[Tribe of Manasseh|Manasseh]] in [[Gilead]]. People from these tribes were taken captive and resettled in the region of the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]], in [[Halah]], Habor, Hara and [[Tell Halaf|Gozan]] ({{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:26}}). Tiglath-Pileser also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of [[Janohah|Janoah]] in [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraim]], and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of [[Naphtali]]. According to {{Bibleverse|2 Kings|15:29}}, the population of Naphtali was deported to Assyria. 

;722 BCE: In [[720s BC|722 BCE]], [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital city of the northern Kingdom of Israel, was taken by [[Sargon II]],<ref name="Cassuto">{{cite book |last1=Umberto Cassuto |first1=Elia Samuele Artom |title=The Books of Kings and Chronicles modern view |date=1981 |author-link=Umberto Cassuto}}</ref> who resettled the Israelites in Halah, Habor, Gozan and in the cities of [[Media (region)|Media]] ({{Bibleverse|2 Kings|18:11-12}}). Sargon recorded the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Some people of the northern tribes were spared,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|30:1-18|NIV}}</ref><ref name="fink">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-684-86912-8}}</ref> and it has been suggested that many also fled south to Jerusalem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=2015-06-28 |title=Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011/html |journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |language=en |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=188–206 |doi=10.1515/zaw-2015-0011 |s2cid=171178702 |issn=1613-0103|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Contemporary scholarship confirms that deportations occurred both before and after the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel in 722–720 BCE, with varying impacts across [[Galilee]], [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]], and Samaria.{{sfn|Tobolowsky|2022|pp=69–70; 73–75}} During the earlier Assyrian invasions, Galilee and Transjordan experienced significant deportations, with entire tribes vanishing.{{sfn|Tobolowsky|2022|pp=69–70; 73–75}}<ref name=":5">{{harvnb|Knoppers|2013|loc=42–44, chapter The Fall of the Northern Kingdom and the Ten Lost Tribes: A Reevaluation}}</ref> In contrast, archaeological findings from Samaria suggest a more mixed picture. While some sites were destroyed or abandoned during the Assyrian invasion, major cities such as Samaria and [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]] remained largely intact, and other sites show a continuity of occupation.{{sfn|Tobolowsky|2022|pp=69–70; 73–75}}<ref name=":5" /> Based on changes in material culture, [[Adam Zertal]] estimated that only 10% of the Israelite population in Samaria was deported, indicating that most Israelites continued to reside in Samaria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zertal |first=Adam |year=1990 |title=The Pahwah of Samaria (Northern Israel) during the Persian Period: Types of Settlement, Economy, History and New Discoveries |journal=Trans |issue=3 |pages=82–83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? |date=2009 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-03254-6 |edition= |location=New York |pages=125}}</ref>

Archaeologist [[Eric H. Cline|Eric Cline]] believes only 10–20% of Samaria’s Israelite population (i.e. 40,000 Israelites) were deported to Assyria in 720 BCE. About 80,000 Israelites fled to Judah whilst between 100,000 and 230,000 Israelites remained in Samaria. The latter intermarried with the foreign settlers, thus forming the [[Samaritans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |title=From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible |date=2008 |publisher=National Geographic (US) |isbn=978-1426202087}}</ref>