Editing FOCAL (programming language) (section)

=== JOSS ===
{{main|JOSS}}
[[JOSS]] was released in May 1963 on the one-off [[JOHNNIAC]] computer at [[RAND Corporation]]. In RAND, use grew rapidly, and the machine, originally built in 1953, quickly ran out of capability. JOHNNIAC was decommissioned in 1966 and JOSS was reimplemented on a newly purchased [[PDP-6]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s (DEC) first "big" machine. Use continued to grow and by 1970, the system was being used by 500 to 600 users across the country and had spawned several innovations such as mobile [[computer terminal]]s that could be wheeled from room to room and plugged in for quick access.<ref name=rand>{{cite tech report |last=Marks |first=Shirley |date=December 1971 |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2008/R918.pdf |title=The JOSS Years: Reflections on an experiment |publisher=Rand}}</ref>

JOSS was highly influential. It emerged just as [[time-sharing]] was being introduced. There was significant interest in man-machine interaction and computers were seeing wider use. Whereas most [[time-sharing]] [[operating system]]s of the era concentrated on user account and file management, leaving the users to do their own programming, JOSS provided file editing and a programming language in one package. RAND showed the system to a parade of people in the industry.<ref name=rand/>