Editing Factory system (section)

==History==
[[File:New Lanark buildings 2009.jpg|right|thumb|250px|New Lanark mill]]
===Antiquity===
In [[Sumer| Ancient Sumer]] around 3000 BC, the [[Ancient Mesopotamia]]n economy began to develop a version of the factory system that also featured the [[division of labor]].<ref name="MooreLewis2009">{{cite book|author1=Karl Moore|author2=David Charles Lewis|title=The Origins of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXWTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|date=2 June 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97008-6|page=30}}</ref> 
===Mills===
One of the earliest factories was [[John Lombe]]'s [[Derby Industrial Museum| water-powered silk mill]] at [[Derby]], operational by 1721.  By 1746, an integrated [[brass mill]] was working at [[Warmley]] near [[Bristol]].  Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods.  Housing was provided for workers on  site. Other prominent early [[industrialist]]s who adopted the factory system included [[Josiah Wedgwood]] (1730-1795) in Staffordshire and [[Matthew Boulton]] (1728-1809) at his [[Soho Manufactory]] (1766-1848).

===Cotton spinning===
The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when [[cotton]]-[[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] was mechanized by a series of inventors.

The first use of an integrated system, where cotton came in and was spun, bleached, dyed and woven into finished cloth, was at mills in Waltham and Lowell, Massachusetts. These became known as [[Lowell Mills]] and the [[Waltham-Lowell system]].

The [[Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company |Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company's Bridgewater Foundry]], which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern materials-handling such as cranes and rail-tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items.<ref>{{cite book |title= Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution  |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu  |url-access=registration  |last=Musson |author2= Robinson |year=1969 |publisher =University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu/page/491 491–5]|isbn=9780802016379 }}</ref>

===Arkwright===
[[Image:Cromford 1771 mill.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cromford mill as it is today.]]

[[Richard Arkwright]] (1732-1792) patented his [[water frame]] in 1769, a major breakthrough in powering textile machinery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clydesdale |first=Greg |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Waves_of_Prosperity/HDUaDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Richard+Arkwright+brains+growth+factories&pg=PT159&printsec=frontcover |title=Waves of Prosperity: India, China and the West – How Global Trade Transformed The World |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-4721-3899-6 |language=en}}</ref> He established [[Cromford Mill]], in [[Derbyshire]], England. The factory system was a new way of organizing [[Workforce |labour]] made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wald |first=Jeff |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Jobs/zSHdDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=factory+system+machines+too+large+worker's+cottage&pg=PT20&printsec=frontcover |title=The End of Jobs: The Rise of On-Demand Workers and Agile Corporations |date=2020-06-02 |publisher=Post Hill Press |isbn=978-1-64293-436-6 |language=en}}</ref>  Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week.

===Machine tools and interchangeable parts===
An early instance of transition from skilled craftsmen to [[Machine tool| machine tools]] began in the late eighteenth century. In 1774, [[John Wilkinson (industrialist) |John Wilkinson]] invented a method for boring cannon-barrels that were straight and true every time. He adapted this method to bore piston cylinders in the [[Steam engine|steam engines]] of [[James Watt]]. This boring machine was "probably the first metal-cutting tool capable of doing large work with anything like modern accuracy."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roe |first=Joseph Wickham |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/English_and_American_Tool_Builders/X-EJAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=probably%20the%20first%20metal-cutting%20tool%20capable%20of%20doing%20large%20work%20with%20anything%20like%20modern%20accuracy |title=English and American Tool Builders |date=1916 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=11 |language=en}}</ref>

Mass production using [[interchangeable parts]] was first achieved in 1803 by [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] in cooperation with [[Henry Maudslay]] and Simon Goodrich, under the management of (with contributions by) Brigadier-General Sir [[Samuel Bentham]], the Inspector General of Naval Works at [[Portsmouth Block Mills]] at [[Portsmouth Dockyard]], for the British Royal Navy during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. By 1808 annual production had reached 130,000 [[Block (sailing) |sailing blocks]].<ref>{{Citation |title= Enlightenment & measurement |publisher= Making the modern world |url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05.ST.02/?scene=3&tv=true |place=[[United Kingdom|UK]] |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170405150102/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05.ST.02/?scene=3&tv=true |archive-date= 2017-04-05 |url-status= dead }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Portsmouth dockyard |place=UK |url=http://www.portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/Page%206.htm |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226122038/https://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/Page%206.htm |url-status=dead }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |contribution=Block |title=Collections |publisher=Science museum |contribution-url= http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/block/ |place= UK | type = exhiblet}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= Gilbert |first= KR |title= The Portsmouth Block-making Machinery |place= London |year= 1965}}.</ref>{{Page needed |date= July 2015}}<ref>{{Citation |last= Cooper |first= CC | title= The Production Line at Portsmouth Block Mill | journal= Industrial Archaeology Review |volume= VI |year= 1982 |pages= 28–44}}.</ref>{{Page needed |date=July 2015}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Cooper |first=CC |title=The Portsmouth System of Manufacture |journal= Technology and Culture |volume=25 |year = 1984 |issue=2 | pages =182–225|doi=10.2307/3104712 |jstor=3104712 |s2cid=111936139 }}.</ref>{{Page needed |date=July 2015}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Coad |first=Jonathan |title=The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850 |place= Aldershot |year= 1989}}.</ref>{{Page needed |date= July 2015}}<ref>{{Citation |last= Coad |first= Jonathan | title =The Portsmouth Block Mills : Bentham, Brunel and the start of the Royal Navy's Industrial Revolution |year=2005 |publisher= English Heritage |isbn=1-873592-87-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pz8hAQAAIAAJ}}.</ref>{{Page needed |date=July 2015}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Wilkin |first=Susan |title=The application of emerging new technologies by Portsmouth Dockyard, 1790–1815 |publisher=The Open University |type=PhD Thesis |year=1999}} (copies available from the British Thesis service of the British Library).</ref><ref>{{Citation |editor1-last= Cantrell |editor1-first= J | editor2-last =Cookson |editor2-first= G |title= Henry Maudslay and the Pioneers of the Machine Age |place= Stroud |year= 2002}}.</ref>  This method of working did not catch on in general manufacturing in Britain for many decades, and when it did it was imported from America, becoming known as the ''[[American system of manufacturing]]'', even though it had originated in England.