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Ferhat Abbas
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== Involvement with FLN == As he was opposed to violence, Ferhat kept himself distant from the [[War for Independence|Algerian War]], and continued to try to act as an intermediary to the opposing sides. However, after the French government intensified the war, in 1956, Ferhat joined the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Front de Libération Nationale]] (FLN).<ref name="EB2" /><ref name="CB2" /> His diplomatic skills were utilized by the FLN, as he was sent on missions sponsored by their ally, President [[Habib Bourguiba]] of [[Tunisia]]. His visits through [[Latin America]], [[Europe]], and the [[Middle East]] were intended to drum up support for their cause. In 1957, he was appointed as the FLN delegate to the [[United Nations]].<ref name="CB2" /> In 1958, he attended the [[North African Conference]] in [[Tunis]], and in March, he communicated an appeal to the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] for their assistance in creating peace.<ref name="CB2" /> After the collapse of the [[Fourth French Republic|Fourth Republic]] and the coming to power of [[Charles de Gaulle]], the hopes for an independent Algeria increased. This however did not end the fighting and on September 18{{refn|group=nb|Some sources give the 19th of September as the date.<ref name="CB2" />}} of that year, the [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]] (GPRA) was created. His political standing in Algeria and reputation as a moderate nationalist, acceptable to the West, helped him become president of this provisional Algerian nationalist [[government-in-exile]] on September 18, 1958, when it was created.<ref name="EB2" /> The position of President was largely as a figurehead and a diplomat, as most of the power was wielded by the cabinet; however in time a number of Asian and African nations recognized the government. In October 1958, an attempt was made by both Abbas and de Gaulle at ending the war with a meeting and intended cease-fire, but it was dashed by the inability of the parties to agree on a neutral location. By September 16, 1959, de Gaulle was softening as he offered self-determination to be decided by a referendum four years after a cease-fire. This plan was generally accepted; unfortunately, there were a few substantial sticking points.<ref name="CB2" /> By 1960, Abbas was becoming frustrated with the West as he lashed out at the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] for supplying weaponry to France. With talks breaking down in June 1960, Abbas turned to the east and by September was visiting with [[China|Communist China]], and the [[Soviet Union]], where he was welcomed warmly.<ref name="CB3" /> Abbas reassured the West by stating that his new alliances were opportunism, when he stated that <blockquote>We prefer to defend ourselves with Chinese Arms than to allow ourselves to be killed by the arms of the West.<ref name="CB3" /></blockquote> On August 27, 1961, he resigned and [[Benyoucef Ben Khedda]] took his place.<ref name="CB">{{harvnb|Moritz|1961|p=1}}</ref> He then subsequently joined [[Ahmed Ben Bella]]'s and [[Houari Boumédiène]]'s [[Oujda Group]] in opposition to the GPRA, which was subsequently dismantled. Due to Pakistan's support to the cause of Algerian struggle for independence and self-determination, Ferhat Abbas was given a Pakistani diplomatic passport for his foreign travels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipripak.org/factfiles/ff81.pdf |title=Pakistan and Africa (1981–2006) |editor-first=Noor |editor-last=ul Haq |access-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609235844/http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff81.pdf |archive-date=June 9, 2013}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mushahidhussain.com/articles/article3_promoting.htm |access-date=March 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231140106/http://www.mushahidhussain.com/articles/article3_promoting.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2008 |title=Promoting Principled Positions |first=Mushahid |last=Hussain Sayed |author-link=Mushahid Hussain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Pak-%20Africa%20Relations.pdf |access-date=April 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219073409/http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Pak-%20Africa%20Relations.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-19 |df=mdy-all |title=PAK–Africa Relations |publisher=Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee |date=December 2005}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}}
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