Editing Ferruccio Parri (section)

===Resistance to Fascism===
He became active against [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist regime]] and joined [[Carlo Rosselli|Carlo]] and [[Nello Rosselli]]'s ''[[Giustizia e Libertà]]'') ("Justice and Liberty"), the most important Italian non-Marxist anti-fascist movement.<ref name=nyt191299>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E4DC1731F93AA25751C1A96F958260 "Outside Party Lines"], by [[Alexander Stille]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 19 December 1999.</ref>

In 1926, together with Carlo Rosselli and future President of Italy [[Sandro Pertini]] he was involved in planning and assisting the escape to France of reformist Socialist leader [[Filippo Turati]]. For this he was arrested and sentenced to ten months of imprisonment<ref name=pertini>[http://www.pertini.it/eng_bio.htm "Biography of Sandro Pertini"], Associazione Nazionale Sandro Pertini</ref> and then to five years of internal exile to the islands of [[Ustica]] and [[Lipari]] and to [[Vallo della Lucania]]. In 1930 he was again banished for five years together with other leaders of ''Giustizia e Libertà''.<ref name=parri>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/antifascismo/biografie%20antifascisti5.html "Biography of Parri"] on Antifascismo.</ref>

Parri remained in contact with ''Giustizia e Libertà'', and in 1942 founded the [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]], an anti-fascist [[Liberal socialism|liberal socialist]] movement that sought to pair [[social justice]] and respect for [[civil liberty|civil liberties]]. In September 1943, after the [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice between Italy and the Allied powers]] and the [[Operation Achse|German occupation of Italy]], he was among the people indicated by anti-fascist parties to take a leading role in the [[Italian resistance movement]]. Living underground in Nazi-occupied Northern Italy, he became a member of the [[National Liberation Committee]]<ref name=jemiller99>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=James Edward|title=Who chopped down that cherry tree? The Italian Resistance in history and politics, 1945–1998|journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies|year=1999|volume=4|issue=1|pages=37–54|doi=10.1080/13545719908454992}}</ref> and deputy commander of the main group of [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] forces, the ''[[Corpo Volontari della Libertà]]''.

He was arrested in Milan in January 1945 by the [[Waffen SS]] during a routine operation. He was held prisoner until March when he was released as part of [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]] – a series of secret negotiations between [[Allen Dulles]], head of the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) and representatives of the German Wehrmacht command in Northern Italy. The release of Parri was requested by the OSS as evidence of good faith and the ability to act.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312075822/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol7no2/html/v07i2a07p_0001.htm Intelligence cables covering the capitulation of the Nazi armies in northern Italy], Center for the Study of Intelligence</ref><ref>[http://stephenhalbrook.com/law_review_articles/sunrise.pdf "Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945"], by Stephen P. Halbrook in "Operation Sunrise". Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò - Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30.</ref> He returned in time to take part in the final phase of the resistance and in the general insurrection in April.

By the time the war ended the ''Giustizia e Libertà'' Brigades, the military arm of the Action Party, were the second largest partisan units, accounting for about 20% of all fighters of the Italian resistance movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le formazioni GL nella resistenza. Documenti |publisher=Franco Angeli |year=1985 |location=Milan |pages=395 |language=it}}</ref>

[[File:Liberazione-di-milano_6_maggio.gif|thumb|left|Liberation parade in Milan on 6 May 1945. Parri is in the front row, third from the left.]]