Editing Field marshal (section)

==Field marshal ranks by country==

<!-- Alphabetic by country name please -->

===Afghanistan===
''[[Sardar]]'' [[Sardar Shah Wali Khan|Shah Wali Khan]] (died 1977), of the [[Musahiban]] and uncle of [[Mohammad Zahir Shah|King Zahir]] and [[President of Afghanistan|President]] ''Sardar'' [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], was a field marshal. [[Mohammed Fahim]] became an honorary marshal in 2004.
[[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] became an honorary marshal in 2020 (this position is now defunct).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan – Marshal Fahim National Defense University |work=Flags of the World |date=2020-07-26 |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/af_mfndu.html |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611193221/https://www.fotw.info/flags/af_mfndu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2021}} [[Ghulam Nabi Khan]], is sometimes identified as a field marshal.

===Australia===
{{Main|Field marshal (Australia)}}

The first appointment to the rank was [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]], who received the honour in March 1925. [[Thomas Blamey|Sir Thomas Blamey]] was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and [[Australian Army]] substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of [[Sir Robert Menzies]], the [[Prime Minister of Australia]], in June 1950. His field marshal's [[Baton (symbol)|baton]] is on display in the [[Second World War]] galleries at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]]. The third appointment was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to [[Charles III|King Charles III]] in October 2024.

===Brazil===
{{main|Marshal (Brazil)}}

[[File:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva.jpg|right|thumb|Marshal [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias|Duke of Caxias]]]]
When Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, the Portuguese system of ranks was maintained by the [[Brazilian Army]], including the rank of ''marechal de campo''. In the second half of the 19th century, the rank of ''marechal de campo'' was replaced, both in Portugal and Brazil, by the rank of ''general de brigada'' (brigade general). This last rank still exists today in the Brazilian Army, but corresponds to the present rank of ''major-general'' (major-general) in the Portuguese Army. 
Today, the rank of ''Marechal'' is the maximum rank available but only awarded during wartime. The [[Brazilian Air Force]] has the similar rank of [[air marshal]].

===Chad===
On the 11 August 2020, Chadian president [[Idris Déby]] was promoted to the rank of [[Marshal]] for his efforts against terrorism in West Africa. He would die the following year.

===China===
{{Main|Yuan Shuai}}
During [[Imperial era of Chinese history|Imperial rule]] in China, different dynasties gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is "司馬" ([[Sima (office)|sima]]) in the Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means "master of horse", and later became a two-character surname too. "司馬" is one of the [[Three Excellencies]] in Eastern Han, who is in charge of the country's military affairs. Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帥 ''[[Yuan Shuai]]'') or [[grand marshal|grand field marshal]] (大元帥 ''da yuan shuai''). One of the most famous of these generals was [[Yue Fei]] from the [[Song dynasty]]. Since the [[People's Republic of China]] was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to the rank of marshal, all in 1955 and abolished in 1965. Since then, the rank has remained defunct. The last Chinese marshal, Nie Rongzhen, died in 1992.

===Ethiopia===
On 8 January 2022, [[General]] [[Birhanu Jula]], the [[Chief of General Staff (Ethiopia)|Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Ethiopian National Defence Force]], was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal (or Field Marshal General, depending on source). The rank was introduced to the Ethiopian National Defence Force with this promotion. The rank of Field Marshal was last used in Ethiopia during the [[Ethiopian Empire]] in the 20th century, when [[Emperor Haile Selassie]] was head of the [[Army of the Ethiopian Empire|Imperial Ethiopian Army]]. The formal ceremonial uniform matched that of its British counterpart, with the exception of headgear, which was a [[Bicorne]] adorned with a golden lion's mane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Observer |first=Ethiopia |date=2022-09-09 |title=Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate recalls Queen Elizabeth II's Ethiopia visit |url=https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2022/09/09/prince-asfa-wossen-asserate-recalls-queen-elizabeth-iis-ethiopia-visit/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Ethiopia Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909101249/https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2022/09/09/prince-asfa-wossen-asserate-recalls-queen-elizabeth-iis-ethiopia-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Finland===
{{Main|Field marshal (Finland)}}

[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|[[C. G. E. Mannerheim]]]]
[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to [[Marshal of Finland]], which is not a distinctive military rank but an honour.

===France===
{{Main|Maréchal de camp}}

In the French army of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', the normal brigade command rank was field marshal (''maréchal de camp''). In 1793, during the [[French Revolution]], the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one-star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank was below [[lieutenant-general]], which in 1793 became [[divisional-general]]. In the title ''maréchal de camp'' and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French ''camp'' between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of [[Marshal of France]], which has been the highest rank of the [[French Army]] since the higher dignity of [[Marshal General of France]] was abolished in 1848 (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity").

===German-speaking lands===
{{Main|Generalfeldmarschall}}
''Generalfeldmarschall'' ('general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal', abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). In the [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], the rank ''Feldmarschall'' was used. The rank was also given to imperial generals in southern German States including Austria (''Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall'') by the [[Roman-German Emperor]] during the existence of the [[List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] up to 1806.

===Greece===
{{Main|Stratarches}}
'''''Stratarches''''' ({{langx|el|Στρατάρχης}}), meaning ''Ruler of the Army'' in Greek, is a title for senior military commanders dating back to classical antiquity, in the sense of "commander-in-chief". In modern Greek usage, it has been used to translate the rank of field marshal. In this sense, the rank was borne by the [[Monarchy of Greece|kings of Greece]] since 1939, and has been awarded only once in modern Greek history to a professional officer: [[Alexandros Papagos]] in 1949 for his leadership in the [[Greco-Italian War|Greek victory against Fascist Italy]] in World War II and against the [[Democratic Army of Greece|Communist forces]] in the [[Greek Civil War]]. The rank is not retained by the current (since 1974) [[Third Hellenic Republic]].

===India===
{{Main|Field marshal (India)}}
[[File:Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg|right|thumb|Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]]]]
Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the [[Indian Army]]. It is a ceremonial/war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. [[Sam Manekshaw]] was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to aid in the final days of the Indian Army's support for the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against Pakistan. [[K. M. Cariappa]] was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?|date=24 February 2016|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090735/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces|archive-date=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Libya===
{{main|Field marshal (Libya)}}
[[Khalifa Haftar]] was the first to "claim" receive this rank in [[Libya]] from the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] in 2016 after the liberation of oil ports in the [[Operation Swift Lightning]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27492354|title=Profile: Libya's military strongman Khalifa Haftar|work=BBC News |date=15 September 2016|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227132639/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27492354|archive-date=27 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
Field Marshal of Malaysia is equivalent to [[General of the Army (United States)|general of the army]] of the United States which is the highest rank in the [[Malaysian Armed Forces|Malaysian army]] and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank.

===New Zealand===
Charles, [[Prince of Wales]], as he was at the time, was officially appointed a Field Marshal in the [[New Zealand Army]] in November 2015. As [[Charles III|King Charles III]], he remains the only living person to hold the ranks of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army, [[Admiral of the Fleet]] in the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] (RNZN) and Marshal of the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|RNZAF]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=New NZ military honours for Prince Charles |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/280461/new-nz-military-honours-for-prince-charles |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-09-15 |title=Prince of Wales dons New Zealand field marshal uniform for Somme commemoration |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/15/prince-of-wales-dons-new-zealand-field-marshal-uniform-for-somme/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The King's late father, [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|the Duke of Edinburgh]] (1921–2021), also held these three [[List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh#Honorary military positions|ranks]] during his lifetime.

===Pakistan===
{{main|Field marshal (Pakistan)}}
[[Ayub Khan]] (1907–1974) was the first and, for many decades, field marshal in the history of Pakistan. He served as the second [[President of Pakistan]] and was the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]. On 20 May 2025, [[General Asim Munir]] became the second officer to be promoted to the rank of Field Marshal following his command in the brief [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|conflict with India]].

===Philippines===
{{main|Field marshal (Philippines)}}
US Army General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the first and only field marshal in the history of the [[Philippine Army]], a position he held while also acting as the [[Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines]] with a rank of major general. [[Manuel L. Quezon|President Quezon]] conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of the Philippines nation-state.

===Portugal===
{{main|List of Marshals of Portugal}}
In the [[Portuguese Army]], the rank of ''marechal de campo'' was created in 1762, as the most junior general officer rank. Hierarchically, it was ranked between ''tenente-general'' (lieutenant-general) and ''brigadeiro'' (brigadier), this last one not being considered a general rank, but a kind of [[senior colonel]].

In Portugal, the ranks of ''marechal-general'' (marshal-general) and ''marechal do Exército'' (marechal of the Army) or simply ''marechal'' also existed. Distinctively from the rank of ''marechal de campo'', the ranks of ''marechal-general'' and ''marechal'' were the highest in the Portuguese Army, usually being reserved for the commanders-in-chief of the Army. Latter, the rank of ''marechal-general'' became reserved for the [[King of Portugal|monarch]], as a mere honorary dignity.

===Romania===
{{Main|Mareșal (Romania)}}
''Mareșal'' is the highest rank in the [[Romanian Armed Forces]].  The rank of ''mareșal'' can only be bestowed to a [[general]] or [[admiral]] ({{langx|ro|amiral}}), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the [[President of Romania]] and confirmed by the [[Supreme Council of National Defense (Romania)|Supreme Council of National Defense]].

===Russia and the Soviet Union===
{{Main|List of Field Marshals of the Russian Empire|Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal of the Russian Federation}}
Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation.

===Serbia and Yugoslavia===
{{Main|Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)}}
In Serbian, field marshal can be literally translated as {{Langx|sr|label=none|Бојни Маршал|Bojni Maršal}}. The closest equivalent of a five-star general in Serbia was [[Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)]], a military rank that has many similarities compared to [[Generalfeldmarschall]], [[Marshal of France]] and [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)]] but also differs in way of promotion, duration and style. However, the name of this military is [[Etymology|etymologically]] closer to the nobility title of [[duke]]. It was the highest rank in the army of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] until the [[Second World War]]. It was first created with the passing of the law on the ''Organization of the Army'' of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. The law was passed on the suggestion of [[Lieutenant Colonel]] (later [[Divisional General]]) [[Miloš Vasić (General)|Miloš Vasić]], who was minister of defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for particular military contributions of top generals. Only four Serbian generals have reached the rank of Vojvoda, most notably [[Radomir Putnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medal-Medaille, Orders, decorations and medals of the world for sale online |url=http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=778 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.medal-medaille.com |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214095233/http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=778 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later [[Yugoslav People's Army]] had the rank of [[Marshal of Yugoslavia]] used only by [[Josip Broz Tito]] as the supreme commander. This would actually be one rank above the rank of Field marshal and the equivalent of a [[Six star general|six-star general]], but it was essentially an [[honorific]] title with political connotations that became Tito's best-known nickname.

=== South Africa ===
[[File:Jan Smuts 1947.jpg|thumb|[[Jan Smuts]]]]
South African statesman and prime minister [[Jan Smuts]] was appointed a field marshal of the British Army on 24 May 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 35172
| date = 23 May 1941
| page = 3004
| supp = y
}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
During the 2010s, the South Korean government tried to promote [[Paik Sun-yup]] to the rank of field marshal. However, the attempt failed because of his past service in the [[Manchukuo Imperial Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-05|title=[단독]군 원로들이 백선엽 예비역 대장의 명예원수 추대를 좌절시켰다|url=https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/defense-diplomacy/article/201702051530011|access-date=2022-01-12|website=경향신문|language=ko|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072651/https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/defense-diplomacy/article/201702051530011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Field marshal (Sri Lanka)}}
Field Marshal is the highest rank in the [[Sri Lanka Army]]. It is a ceremonial rank. [[Sarath Fonseka]] is the first and only Sri Lankan officer to hold the rank. He was promoted to the position on 22 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/item/6744-sarath-fonseka-promoted-sri-lanka-s-first-ever-field-marshal|title=Sarath Fonseka promoted Sri Lanka's first ever Field Marshal|last=SureshikaThilakarathna|website=news.lk|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711031904/https://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/item/6744-sarath-fonseka-promoted-sri-lanka-s-first-ever-field-marshal|archive-date=11 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
{{main|List of Swedish field marshals}} 
In Sweden, a total of 75 field marshals have been appointed, from 1609 to 1824. Since 1972, the rank has not been used in Sweden, and it had long been decided to only be used in wartime.

The title denoted the commander of the mounted part of the army. During the [[Thirty Years' War]], the field marshal was subordinate to the country's lieutenant general. In the Swedish army, the field marshal had unlimited military and considerable political authority. However, the field marshal was subordinate to the [[Lord High Constable of Sweden]] (Riksmarsken) and his closest man was the {{Interlanguage link|rikstygmästare|sv}}.<ref>''[[Svensk uppslagsbok]]'', Malmö 1932</ref>

Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count [[Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie]] received the rank.

=== Syria ===
[[Mushir|Field Marshal]] ({{Langx|ar|فريق}}) is the highest rank within the [[Syrian Army]] which is a ceremonial and honorary military rank, the only holder to-date is former [[President of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] who was promoted from Colonel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |date=2006-09-01 |title=Bashar al-Assad's Gamble |url=https://www.meforum.org/1021/bashar-al-assads-gamble |journal=Middle East Quarterly |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110085741/https://www.meforum.org/1021/bashar-al-assads-gamble |url-status=live }}</ref> Its insignia is unique amongst Arab states, as the majority of Arab militaries that has a Field Marshal rank, the insignias has the national [[coat of arms]] or a [[Crown (heraldry)|crown]] above two crossed batons or swords surrounded by yellow leaves below, Syria's Marshal rank adds an extra star to its General insignia ergo three stars above crossed swords below the coat of arms.

===Thailand===
{{main|Field marshal (Thailand)}}
In the [[Royal Thai Army]] the rank of [[Field marshal (Thailand)|''Chom Phon'']] ({{langx|th|จอมพล, จอมพลทหารบก}}) was created in 1888, together with all other military ranks along western lines, by King [[Chulalongkorn]]. Today it is ceremonially held by members of the Thai royal family.

===Turkey===
{{main|Mareşal (Turkey)}}
In the [[Turkish Armed Forces]], the corresponding rank is ''mareşal''. Its origins can be traced to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and to the military of [[Persia]], where it was called "müşir"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=m%FC%FEir&ayn=tam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729050257/http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=m%FC%FEir&ayn=tam |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Great Turkish Dictionary |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |access-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref> and bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling [[sultan]]. The rank of ''mareşal'' can only be bestowed by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|National Assembly]], to generals or admirals who have displayed distinguished merit in wartime. Only two persons have been bestowed the rank in history of the Republic: [[Kemal Atatürk]], the founder of modern [[Turkey]], and his [[List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of Staff]] [[Fevzi Çakmak]], both for their successes in the [[Turkish War of Independence]].

===Uganda===
{{main|Field marshal (Uganda)}}
Field Marshal [[Idi Amin]] was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing [[Milton Obote]]. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg|right|thumb|General [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]] was promoted to [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal in the British Army]] when he was made Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean during World War II]]

{{Main|Field marshal (United Kingdom)}}
[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], was promoted to the rank of a field marshal (of multiple armies) in 1813. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in [[Apsley House]] (see [[Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]).

=== United States ===
No branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]] has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of [[General of the Army (United States)|"general of the army]]", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, [[George C. Marshall|George Marshall]] was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for a five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified.<ref name="Mosley">Leonard Mosley, ''Marshall, hero for our times'' (1982), 270, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="mayer">Sydney Louis Mayer, ''The biography of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur'' (1984), 70, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|<!-- quote="Marshal Marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="Larrabee">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Larrabee |title= Commander in chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his lieutenants, and their war |date= 2004 |page= 200 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781591144557 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBaZ5zoIQwgC&dq=%22field+marshal+marshall&pg=PA200 |via= Google Books}}</ref><ref name="loory">Stuart H. Loory, ''Defeated; inside America's military machine'' (1973), 78, available at [[iarchive:defeatedinsideam0000loor|<!-- quote="field marshal marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eisenhower Memorial Commission – The Story Behind Ike's Fifth Star|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030648/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=2012-05-14|publisher=Eisenhowermemorial.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Thus, [[Douglas MacArthur]] is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines.

===Yemen===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], former [[President of Yemen]] and Field Marshal of the [[Republic of Yemen Armed Forces]]
*[[Mahdi al-Mashat]], Chairman of the [[Supreme Political Council]] of Yemen, and Field Marshal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saba.ye/en/news534155.htm|title=Parliament elevates president al-Mashat to field marshal rank|date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427121645/http://saba.ye/en/news534155.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>

===Zaire===

On the 17 June 1983, [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] promoted himself to the rank of field marshal. The order was signed by [[General officer|General]] [[Likulia Bolongo]].