Editing Figure skating jumps (section)

==Types of jumps==
:Anomalies in the takeoff and landing are highlighted in '''''bold and italic'''''.
:All basic figure skating jumps are landed backwards.
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Classification and distinction of basic figure skating jumps
|-
!scope=col width=5px | {{abbr|Abbr.|Abbreviation}}
!scope=col width=5px | Jump
!scope=col width=55px| {{smalldiv|Toe assist}}
!scope=col width=55px| {{smalldiv|Change of foot}}
!scope=col width=55px| {{smalldiv|Change of edge}}
!scope=col width=55px| {{smalldiv|Change of curve}}
!scope=col width=55px| {{smalldiv|Change of direction}}
!scope=col width=55px| Takeoff edge
!scope=col width=60px| Landing edge
|-
!scope=row| A
| [[Axel jump|Axel]]
| —
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| —
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| '''''Forward''''' outside
| Outside {{smalldiv|(opposite foot)}}
|-
!scope=row| Lz
| [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| Backward outside
| Outside {{smalldiv|(opposite foot)}}
|-
!scope=row| F
| [[Flip jump|Flip]]
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| —
| Backward '''''inside'''''
| Outside {{smalldiv|(opposite foot)}}
|-
!scope=row| Lo
| [[Loop jump|Loop (Rittberger)]]
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| Backward outside
| Outside {{smalldiv|('''''same foot''''')}}
|-
!scope=row| S
| [[Salchow jump|Salchow]]
| —
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| —
| Backward '''''inside'''''
| Outside {{smalldiv|(opposite foot)}}
|-
!scope=row| T
| [[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]]
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
| Backward outside
| Outside {{smalldiv|('''''same foot''''')}}
|-
!scope=row| Eu
| [[Euler jump|Euler]] {{smalldiv|(half-loop)}}
| —
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
|bgcolor=#E0FFB0| {{chk}}
| —
| —
| Backward outside
| '''''Inside''''' {{smalldiv|(opposite foot)}}
|}

The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel).<ref name="gifguide">{{cite news |last1=Abad-Santos |first1=Alexander |date=5 February 2014 |title=A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/02/gif-guide-figure-skaters-jumps-olympics/357723/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127162322/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2014/02/gif-guide-figure-skaters-jumps-olympics/357723/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Euler jump]], which was known as a half-loop before 2018, is an edge jump.<ref name="euler">{{cite web |last1=Cornetta |first1=Katherine |date=1 October 2018 |title=Breaking Down an Euler |url=https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2018/10/1/figure-skating-breaking-down-an-euler.aspx |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Fanzone.com |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829015433/https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2018/10/1/figure-skating-breaking-down-an-euler.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Toe jumps tend to be higher than edge jumps because skaters press the toe pick of their skate into the ice on takeoff.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=132}} Both feet are on the ice at the time of takeoff, and the toe-pick in the ice at takeoff acts as a pole vault. It is impossible to add a half-revolution to toe jumps.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=237}}

Skaters accomplish edge jumps by leaving the ice from any of their skates' four possible edges; lift is "achieved from the spring gained by straightening of a bent knee in combination with a swing of the free leg".{{Snf|Hines|2011|p=132}} They require precise rotational control of the skater's upper body, arms, and free leg, and of how well he or she leans into the takeoff edge. The preparation going into the jump and its takeoff, as well as controlling the rotation of the preparation and takeoff, must be precisely timed.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=199}} When a skater executes an edge jump, they must extend their leg and use their arms more than when they execute toe jumps.<ref name="tanyalewis">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Tanya |date=14 February 2022 |title=How Olympic Figure Skaters Break Records with Physics |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-olympic-figure-skaters-break-records-with-physics/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220223033518/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-olympic-figure-skaters-break-records-with-physics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. For example, all single jumps, except for the Axel, include one revolution, double jumps include two revolutions, and so on. More revolutions earn skaters earn more points.{{Snf|Hines|2011|p=132}} Double and triple versions have increased in importance "as a measure of technical and athletic ability, with attention paid to clean takeoffs and landings".{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=282}} Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.{{Snf|Hines|2011|p=132}} Quintuple jumps are not allowed in the [[Short program (figure skating)|short program]].<ref>ISU No. 2707, p. 12</ref>

===Euler===
{{Main|Euler jump}}

The '''Euler''' is an edge jump. It was known as the half-loop jump in [[International Skating Union]] (ISU) regulations prior to the 2018–2019 season, when the name was changed.<ref name="euler"/> In Europe, the Euler is also called the Thorén jump, after its inventor, Swedish figure skater [[Per Thorén]].{{Snf|Hines|2011|p=222}} The Euler is executed when a skater takes off from the back outside edge of one skate and lands on the opposite foot and edge. It is most commonly done prior to the third jump during a three-jump combination, and serves as a way to put a skater on the correct edge in order to attempt a [[Salchow jump]] or a [[flip jump]]. It can be accomplished only as a single jump.<ref name="euler"/> The Euler has a base point value of 0.50 points, when used in combination between two listed jumps, and also becomes a listed jump.<ref name="ISU 2475">{{cite web| title=ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24| url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/28337-isu-communication-2475/file| access-date=12 October 2023| archive-date=22 October 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022184529/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/28337-isu-communication-2475/file| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Toe loop===
{{Main|Toe loop jump}}

The '''toe loop jump''' is the simplest jump in figure skating.<ref name="alicepark">{{cite magazine |last1=Park |first1=Alice |date=22 February 2018 |title=How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611213405/https://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater [[Bruce Mapes]].<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24">{{cite web | title=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24 | url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | access-date=2023-10-12 | archive-date=9 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209012313/https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | url-status=dead }}</ref> In competition, the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50; and the base value of the quintuple toe loop is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707">"ISU No. 2707," pp. 2—4</ref>

The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Pritha |last2=Fallon |first2=Clare |date=28 March 2017 |title=Figure Skating – Breakdown of Quadruple Lumps, Highest Scores and Judging |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-figureskating-world-men-jumps/figure-skating-breakdown-of-quadruple-jumps-highest-scores-and-judging-idUSKBN17007A |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124512/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-figureskating-world-men-jumps/figure-skating-breakdown-of-quadruple-jumps-highest-scores-and-judging-idUSKBN17007A |url-status=live }}</ref> The toe loop is the easiest jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn his or her body towards the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=287}} It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations, and is the most common second jump performed in combinations.<ref name="USFS-2">USFS, p. 2</ref> It is also the most commonly attempted jump,<ref name="reuters"/> as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump",<ref name="Tech Panel Handbook Single 23-24">{{cite web | title=ISU Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating 2023-24 | url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/31570-technical-panel-handbook-1/file |date=8 July 2023| access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24">{{cite web | title= ISU Technical Panel Handbook Pair Skating 2023-24 | url= https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/31569-technical-panel-handbook/file | date= 12 July 2023 | access-date= 12 October 2023 | archive-date= 28 September 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230928004707/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/31569-technical-panel-handbook/file | url-status= live }}</ref> or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=287}} Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.{{Sfn|King|Smith|Higginson|Muncasy|2004|p=112}}

===Flip===
{{Main|Flip jump}}

The ISU defines a '''flip jump''' as "a toe jump that takes off from a back inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot".<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24" /> It is executed with assistance from the toe of the free foot.<ref name="skatecanada">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Skating Glossary |url=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=Skate Canada}}</ref> In competition, the base value of a single flip is 0.50; the base value of a double flip is 1.80; the base value of a triple flip is 5.30; the base value of a quadruple flip is 11.00; and the base value of a quintuple flip is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707" />

===Lutz===
{{Main|Lutz jump}}

The ISU defines the '''Lutz jump''' as "a toe-pick assisted jump with an entrance from a back outside edge and landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot".<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24"/> It is the second-most difficult jump in figure skating<ref name="alicepark"/> and "probably the second-most famous jump after the [[Axel jump|Axel]]".<ref name="USFS-2"/> It is named after figure skater [[Alois Lutz]] from Vienna, Austria, who first performed it in 1913.<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24" /><ref name="USFS-2"/> In competition, the base value of a single Lutz is 0.60; the base value of a double Lutz is 2.10; the base value of a triple Lutz is 5.90; the base value of a quadruple Lutz is 11.50; and the value of a quintuple Lutz is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707" /> A "cheated" Lutz jump without an outside edge is commonly called a "flutz".<ref name="USFS-2"/>
[[File:2019 Rostelecom Cup - Alexandra Trusova - Quad Lutz.webm|thumb|left|Russian figure skater [[Alexandra Trusova]] performing a quadruple Lutz in 2019]]

===Salchow===
{{Main|Salchow jump}}

The '''Salchow jump''' is an edge jump. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909.<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24" />{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=193}} The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24" /> It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=284}} Timing is critical because both the takeoff and the landing must be on the backward edge.<ref name="USFS-2"/> A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=284}}

In competition, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double Salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple Salchow is 4.30; the base value of a quadruple Salchow is 9.70; and the value of a quintuple Salchow is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707" />

===Loop===
{{Main|Loop jump}}

The '''loop jump''' is an edge jump. It was believed to be created by German figure skater [[Werner Rittberger]], and is known as the Rittberger in Russian and German.<ref name="ISU Media Guide 23-24"/>{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=150}} It also gets its name from the shape the blade would leave on the ice if the skater performed the rotation without leaving the ice.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=285}} According to [[U.S. Figure Skating]], the loop jump is "the most fundamental of all the jumps".<ref name="USFS-2"/> The skater executes it by taking off from the back outside edge of the skating foot, turning one rotation in the air, and landing on the back outside edge of the same foot.<ref name="skatecanada"/> It is often performed as the second jump in a combination.<ref name="kestnbaum-285">Kestnbaum, p. 285</ref>

In competition, the base value of the single loop jump is 0.50; the base value of a double loop is 1.70; the base value of a triple loop is 4.90; the base value of a quadruple loop is 10.50; and the value of a quintuple loop jump.<ref name="ISU2707" />

===Axel===
{{Main|Axel jump}}

The '''Axel jump''', also called the '''Axel Paulsen jump''' for its creator, Norwegian figure skater [[Axel Paulsen]], is an edge jump.<ref name="USFS-1">USFS, p. 1</ref> It is figure skating's oldest and most difficult jump.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxxii}}{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=285}} The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazurkiewicz |first1=Anna |last2=Twańsak |first2=Dagmara |last3=Urbanik |first3=Czesław |title=Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump |journal=Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism |date=July 2018 |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=3 |doi=10.2478/pjst-2018-0007 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326648522|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is the only jump that begins with a forward takeoff, which makes it the easiest jump to identify.<ref name="gifguide"/> A double or triple Axel is required in the [[Short program (figure skating)|short program]] , and an Axel is required in the [[Free skating|free program]] for junior and senior [[single skating|single skaters]] in all ISU competitions.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Single 23-24|p=18}} 

The Axel has an extra half-rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah Robbins says, makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple".<ref name="robbins">{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Hannah |date=11 February 2018 |title=Triple Axel New Ladies' Figure Skating Staple |work=The Collegian |publisher=University of Tulsa |location=Tulsa, Oklahoma |url=https://tucollegian.org/triple-axel-new-ladies-figure-skating-staple/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212093436/https://tucollegian.org/triple-axel-new-ladies-figure-skating-staple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sports reporter Nora Princiotti says, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Princiotti |first1=Nora |date=12 February 2018 |title=What is a Triple Axel? And Why is it So Hard for Figure Skaters to Pull Off? |work=Boston.com |url=https://www.boston.com/sports/olympics/2018/02/12/what-triple-axel-and-why-so-hard |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215105557/https://www.boston.com/sports/olympics/2018/02/12/what-triple-axel-and-why-so-hard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to American skater [[Mirai Nagasu]], "Falling on the triple Axel is really brutal."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Calfas |first1=Jennifer |date=12 February 2018 |title=Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/5144477/mirai-nagasu-triple-axel-winter-olympics/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206012243/https://time.com/5144477/mirai-nagasu-triple-axel-winter-olympics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In competition, the base value of a single Axel is 1.10; the base value of a double Axel is 3.30; the base value of a triple Axel is 8.00; the base value of a quadruple Axel is 12.50; and the base value of a quintuple Axel is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707" /> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the triple Axel has become more common for male skaters to perform;<ref name="nytnagasu">{{cite news |last1=Victor |first1=Daniel |date=12 February 2018 |title=Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/sports/nagasu-triple-axel-olympics.html |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703081731/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/sports/nagasu-triple-axel-olympics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as of 2025, [[Ilia Malinin]] from the U.S. is the only skater to successfully complete a quadruple Axel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schad |first=Tom |date=29 March 2025 |title=What is a Quad Axel? Explaining Ilia Malinin's Famed Figure Skating Jump |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2025/03/29/ilia-malinin-quad-axel-figure-skating/82707097007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402050419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2025/03/29/ilia-malinin-quad-axel-figure-skating/82707097007/ |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0407-022, Midori Ito.jpg|thumb|Japanese figure skater [[Midori Ito]], first female skater to land a triple Axel, in 1989]]