Editing Film colorization (section)

===Hand colorization===
{{see also|List of early color feature films}}
[[File:Le Voyage à travers l'impossible (Georges Méliès, 1904).webm|thumb|thumbtime=12:38|A hand-colored print of [[George Méliès]]' ''[[The Impossible Voyage]]'' (1904)]]
The first film colorization methods were hand-done by individuals. For example, at least 4% of [[George Méliès]]' output, including some prints of ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'' from 1902 and other major films such as ''[[The Kingdom of the Fairies]]'', ''[[The Impossible Voyage]]'', and ''[[The Barber of Seville (1904 film)|The Barber of Seville]]'' were individually hand-colored by [[Elisabeth Thuillier]]'s coloring lab in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|isbn = 9780813552989 |publisher = Rutgers University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cpvymkXtt1AC&pg=PA71 |title = Moving Color: Early Film, Mass Culture, Modernism|last=Yumibe |first = Joshua |date = 2012|pages= 71–74}}</ref> Thuillier, a former colorist of glass and celluloid products, directed a studio of 200 people painting directly on film stock with brushes, in the colors she chose and specified; each worker was assigned a different color in [[assembly line]] style, with more than 20 separate colors often used for a single film. Thuillier's lab produced about 60 hand-colored copies of ''A Trip to the Moon'', but only one copy is known to still exist today.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wemaere|first1=Gilles|last2=Duval|first2=Séverine|date=2011|page=169|title = La couleur retrouvée du Voyage dans la Lune de Georges Méliès|language = fr|publisher = Capricci Editions|isbn = 978-2918040422}}</ref> The first full-length feature film made by a hand-colored process was ''[[The Miracle (1912 film)|The Miracle]]'', in 1912.

The process was always done by hand, sometimes using a [[stencil]] cut from a second print of the film, such as the [[Pathécolor]] process. As late as the 1920s, hand-coloring processes were used for individual shots in ''[[Greed (1924 film)|Greed]]'' (1924) and ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' (1925) (both utilizing the [[Handschiegl color process]]); and rarely, an entire feature-length movie such as ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (1925 film)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'' (1925) and ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1926 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1926).

These colorization methods were employed until effective [[color motion picture film|color film processes]] were developed. Around 1968-1972, black-and-white ''[[Betty Boop]]'', ''[[Krazy Kat]]'' and ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' cartoons and among others were redistributed in color. Supervised by [[Fred Ladd]], color was added by tracing the original black-and-white frames onto new animation [[cel]]s, and then adding color to the new cels in [[South Korea]]. To cut time and expense, Ladd's process skipped every other frame, cutting the frame rate in half; this technique considerably degraded the quality and timing of the original animation, to the extent that some animation was not carried over or mistakenly altered. The most recent redrawn colorized black-and-white cartoons are the [[Fleischer Studios]]/[[Famous Studios]]' ''[[Popeye the Sailor (animated cartoons)|Popeye]]'' cartoons, the [[Harman-Ising]] ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'', and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio|MGM]]'s ''[[The Captain and the Kids (MGM animated series)|The Captain and the Kids]]'' cartoons, which were colorized in 1987 for airing on the [[Turner Entertainment|Turner]] networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cztoondb.tripod.com/cztoondb/laddqaart.htm |title=The colorized cartoon database |access-date=2007-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522113108/http://cztoondb.tripod.com/cztoondb/laddqaart.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2006 }}</ref> With computer technology, studios were able to add color to black-and-white films by digitally tinting single objects in each frame of the film until it was fully colorized (the first authorized computer-colorizations of B&W cartoons were commissioned by [[Warner Bros.]] in 1990). The initial process was invented by Canadian [[Wilson Markle]] and was first used in 1970 to add color to monochrome footage of the moon from the [[Apollo program]] missions.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}