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Editing
Finland's language strife
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== Nationalism and the question of language == [[File:Kiianmies Kyander graves Tampere 20090818.JPG|thumb|right|A set of graves in Tampere, showing the Swedish surname 'Kyander' as well as the Fennicized 'Kiianmies']] The rise of [[Fennoman]]ic Finnish [[nationalism]] in the 19th century eventually led to the revived predominance of Finnish use in the country. A significant contribution to the Finnish national awakening from the mid-19th century onward came from the members of the mostly [[Swedish-speaking Finns|Swedish-speaking]] upper classes deliberately choosing to promote Finnish culture and language. Snellman was himself an ethnic Swede and was later ennobled. These [[Finnish Swedes]], known as the [[Fennomans]], [[Fennicization|Fennicized]] their family names, learned Finnish, and made a point of using Finnish both in public and at home. However, another group of the Swedish-speaking population, the [[Svecomans]], did not wish to abandon Swedish and opposed the Fennoman ideology and Fennoman-inspired reforms. In 1863 [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] (AsK 26/1863) ruled that Finnish had an [[official language]] status comparable to that of Swedish; it could thereafter be used in an official capacity in legal and state office matters.<ref name="kasf">{{cite web | url = http://suomifinland100.fi/project/1863-kieliasetus/ | title = 1863 kieliasetus | access-date = 2017-12-11}}</ref><ref name="ylevierailu" /><ref name=haar>{{cite book|author=Harald Haarmann |title=Modern Finland: Portrait of a Flourishing Society |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476625652 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEA4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 }}</ref> Within a generation, the Finnish language use gained predominance in the government and the society of Finland. During the [[Russification of Finland]], Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] attempted to change the official language to Russian (''Language Manifesto of 1900''), but Russification was halted by the [[Finnish general strike of 1905|general strike of 1905]].
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