Editing Fish migration (section)

==Forage fish==
[[Image:Capelin-iceland.svg|thumb|right|Migration of Icelandic [[capelin]]]]
{{see also|Sardine run}}

[[Forage fish]] often make great migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Schools of a particular stock usually travel in a triangle between these grounds. For example, one stock of herrings has their spawning ground in southern [[Norway]], their feeding ground in [[Iceland]], and their nursery ground in northern Norway. Wide triangular journeys such as these may be important because forage fish, when feeding, cannot distinguish their own offspring.<ref name=Woo2019>{{Cite book|last1=Woo|first1=Patrick T. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yLKDwAAQBAJ&q=fish+migration&pg=PA125|title=Climate Change and Non-infectious Fish Disorders|last2=Iwama|first2=George K.|date=2019-12-21|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-78639-398-2|language=en}}</ref>

[[Capelin]] are a forage fish of the [[Smelt (fish)|smelt]] family found in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans. In summer, they graze on dense swarms of [[plankton]] at the edge of the ice shelf. Larger capelin also eat [[krill]] and other [[crustacean]]s. The capelin move inshore in large schools to spawn and migrate in spring and summer to feed in plankton rich areas between [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]] and [[Jan Mayen]]. The migration is affected by [[ocean current]]s. Around Iceland, maturing capelin make large northward feeding migrations in spring and summer. The return migration takes place from September to November. The spawning migration starts north of Iceland in December or January.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vilhjálmsson|first=H|date=October 2002|title=Capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Iceland–East Greenland–Jan Mayen ecosystem|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=59|issue=5|pages=870–883|doi=10.1006/jmsc.2002.1233|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The diagram on the right shows the main [[spawn (biology)|spawning]] grounds and [[larval]] drift routes. Capelin on the way to feeding grounds is coloured green, capelin on the way back is blue, and the breeding grounds are red.

In a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recount their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008.<ref>Barbaro1 A, Einarsson B, Birnir1 B, Sigurðsson S, Valdimarsson S, Pálsson ÓK, Sveinbjörnsson S and Sigurðsson P (2009)  [http://escholarship.ucop.edu/uc/item/1jv6n689.pdf "Modelling and simulations of the migration of pelagic fish"] ''Journal of Marine Science'', '''66'''(5):826-838.</ref>