Editing Fluctuation theorem (section)

== History ==
The FT was first proposed and tested using computer simulations, by [[Denis Evans]], [[E.G.D. Cohen]] and Gary Morriss in 1993.<ref name="PhysREvLett1993">{{cite journal |title= Denis J. Evans, E. G. D. Cohen, and G. P. Morriss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2401, ''Probability of second law violations in shearing steady states''|year=1993 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2401 |publisher=American Physical Society |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2401 |pmid=10054671 |last1=Evans |first1=D. J. |last2=Cohen |first2=E. G. |last3=Morriss |first3=G. P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=71 |issue=15 |pages=2401–2404 |bibcode=1993PhRvL..71.2401E }}</ref> The first derivation was given by Evans and [[Debra Searles]] in 1994. Since then, much mathematical and computational work has been done to show that the FT applies to a variety of [[statistical ensemble]]s. The first laboratory experiment that verified the validity of the FT was carried out in 2002. In this experiment, a plastic bead was pulled through a solution by a laser. Fluctuations in the velocity were recorded that were opposite to what the second law of thermodynamics would dictate for macroscopic systems.<ref name="WangSevick2002">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=G. M.|last2=Sevick|first2=E. M.|last3=Mittag|first3=Emil|last4=Searles|first4=Debra J.|last5=Evans|first5=Denis J.|title=Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=89|issue=5|year=2002|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.050601|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..89e0601W|pmid=12144431|page=050601|url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282878/UQ282878_OA.pdf|hdl=10440/854|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CarberryReid2004">{{cite journal|last1=Carberry|first1=D. M.|last2=Reid|first2=J. C.|last3=Wang|first3=G. M.|last4=Sevick|first4=E. M.|last5=Searles|first5=Debra J.|last6=Evans|first6=Denis J.|title=Fluctuations and Irreversibility: An Experimental Demonstration of a Second-Law-Like Theorem Using a Colloidal Particle Held in an Optical Trap|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=92|issue=14|year=2004|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.140601|bibcode = 2004PhRvL..92n0601C|pmid=15089524|page=140601|url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:282816/UQ282816_OA.pdf|hdl=10072/5775|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Second law of thermodynamics "broken"|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2572-second-law-of-thermodynamics-broken|website = New Scientist|access-date = 2016-02-09|language = en-US|first = Matthew|last = Chalmers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Second law broken|url = http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020722/full/news020722-2.html|journal = Nature News|date = 2002-07-23|doi = 10.1038/news020722-2|language = en|first = Ed|last = Gerstner}}</ref> In 2020, observations at high spatial and spectral resolution of the solar photosphere have shown that solar turbulent convection satisfies the symmetries predicted by the fluctuation relation at a local level.<ref name="Viavattene2020">{{cite journal|last1=Viavattene|first1=G. |last2=Consolini|first2=G. |last3=Giovannelli|first3=L.|last4=Berrilli|first4=F. |last5=Del Moro|first5=D. |last6=Giannattasio|first6=F. |last7=Penza|first7=V. |last8=Calchetti|first8=D.|title=Testing the Steady-State Fluctuation Relation in the Solar Photospheric Convection|journal=Entropy|volume=22|issue=7|year=2020|page=716 |issn=1099-4300|doi=10.3390/e22070716 |pmid=33286488 |pmc=7517254 |bibcode=2020Entrp..22..716V |doi-access=free}}</ref>