Editing Foraminifera (section)

==Taxonomy==

{{cladogram | caption= Phylogeny of Foraminifera following Pawlowski et al. 2013.<ref name=Pawlowski2013 /> The monothalamid orders [[Astrorhizida]] and [[Allogromiida]] are both paraphyletic. | clades =
{{clade
|1 = "Monothalamids" (paraphyletic)
|2 = {{clade
|1 = {{clade
|1 = [[Lagenida]]
|2 = {{clade
|1 = "Monothalamids"
|label2 = [[Tubothalamea]]
|2 = {{clade
|1 = [[Miliolida]]
|2 = [[Spirillinida]]
}}
}}
}}
|2 = {{clade
|1 = {{clade
|1 = "Monothalamids"
|2 = [[Xenophyophorea]]
}}
|label2 = [[Globothalamea]]
|2 = {{clade
|1 = "[[Textulariida]]" (paraphyletic)
|2 = [[Robertinida]]
|3 = [[Rotaliida]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
The taxonomic position of the Foraminifera has varied since Schultze in 1854,<ref name="Treatise">{{cite book |last1=Loeblich |first1=A.R. Jr. |first2=H. |last2=Tappan |chapter=Foraminiferida |title=Part C, Protista 2 |publisher=Geological Society of America |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-8137-3003-5 |pages=C55–C786 |series=Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology }}</ref>
who referred to as an order, Foraminiferida. [[Alfred R. Loeblich Jr|Loeblich]] (1987) and [[Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich|Tappan]] (1992) reranked Foraminifera as a class<ref name="Sen_Gupta02">{{cite book |first=Barun K. |last=Sen Gupta |title=Modern Foraminifera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-3tUmXW-IgC&pg=PA16 |year=2002 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-0598-5 |page=16}}</ref> as it is now commonly regarded.

The Foraminifera have typically been included in the [[Protozoa]],<ref name = C-Smith04>{{cite journal |first=T |last=Cavalier-Smith |title=Only Six Kingdoms of Life |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |year=2004 |volume=271 |issue=1545 |pages=1251–62 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 |pmid=15306349 |pmc=1691724 |url=http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf}}</ref><ref name = C-Smith03>{{cite journal |first=T |last=Cavalier-Smith |title=Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa |journal=European Journal of Protistology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=338–348 |year=2003 |doi=10.1078/0932-4739-00002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Cercozoa/121187 |title=Tolweb Cercozoa |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225170741/http://tolweb.org/Cercozoa/121187 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or in the similar Protoctista or [[Protist]] [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=browser European Register of Marine Species]</ref><ref>[http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/TAXONOMY eForams-taxonomy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003031806/http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/TAXONOMY |date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> Compelling evidence, based primarily on [[molecular phylogenetics]], exists for their belonging to a major group within the Protozoa known as the [[Rhizaria]].<ref name = C-Smith04/> Prior to the recognition of evolutionary relationships among the members of the Rhizaria, the Foraminifera were generally grouped with other [[Amoeba|amoeboid]]s as phylum Rhizopodea (or Sarcodina) in the class Granuloreticulosa.

The Rhizaria are problematic, as they are often called a "supergroup", rather than using an established [[taxonomic rank]] such as [[phylum]]. [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] defines the Rhizaria as an infra-kingdom within the kingdom Protozoa.<ref name = C-Smith04/>

Some taxonomies put the Foraminifera in a phylum of their own, putting them on par with the amoeboid Sarcodina in which they had been placed.

Although as yet unsupported by morphological correlates, molecular data strongly suggest the Foraminifera are closely related to the [[Cercozoa]] and [[Radiolaria]], both of which also include amoeboids with complex shells; these three groups make up the Rhizaria.<ref name = C-Smith03/> However, the exact relationships of the forams to the other groups and to one another are still not entirely clear. Foraminifera are closely related to [[testate amoebae]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/ssb/quattestenv.pdf|title=Testate amoebae as environmental indicators|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127225520/http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/ssb/quattestenv.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; width:560px;"
|-
! Taxonomy from Mikhalevich 2013<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mikhalevich |first=V.I. | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259562840 |title=New insight into the systematics and evolution of the foraminifera |journal=[[Micropaleontology]] |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=493–527 |date=2013 |doi=10.47894/mpal.59.6.01 |bibcode=2013MiPal..59..493M |s2cid=90243148 }}</ref>
|-
|* '''Foraminifera''' <small>d'Orbigny 1826</small>
** Order [[Reticulomyxida]]
** '''Class Schizocladea''' <small>Cedhagen & Mattson 1992</small>
*** Order [[Schizocladida]]
** '''Class [[Xenophyophorea]]''' <small>Schultze 1904</small>
*** Order [[Stannomida]] <small>Tendal 1972</small>
*** Order [[Psamminida]] <small>Tendal 1972</small>
** '''Class [[Astrorhizata]]''' <small>Saidova 1981</small>
*** Subclass [[Lagynana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Ammoscalariida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Lagynida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Allogromiida]] <small>Loeblich & Tappan 1961</small>
*** Subclass [[Astrorhizana]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
**** Order [[Astrorhizida]] <small>Lankester 1885</small>
**** Order [[Dendrophryida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1995</small>
**** Order [[Hippocrepinida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
**** Order †[[Parathuramminida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Psammosphaerida]] <small>Haeckel 1894</small>
** '''Class [[Rotaliata]]''' <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small> (hyaline foraminifers)
*** Subclass [[Globigerinana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Cassigerinellida]] <small>Mikhalevich 2013</small>
**** Order [[Globigerinida]] <small>Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862</small>
**** Order [[Hantkeninida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Heterohelicida]] <small>Fursenko 1958</small>
**** Order [[Globorotaliida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
*** Subclass [[Textulariana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Nautiloculinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 2003</small>
**** Order [[Spiroplectamminida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Textulariida]] <small>Delage & Hérouard 1896</small>
**** Order [[Trochamminida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small> ([[Carterinida]] <small>Loeblich & Tappan 1955</small>]
**** Order [[Verneuilinida]] <small>Mikhalevich & Kaminski 2003</small>
*** Subclass [[Rotaliana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Superorder [[Robertinoida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
***** Order [[Robertinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Superorder [[Nonionoida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
***** Order [[Elphidiida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
***** Order [[Nummulitida]] <small>Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862</small>
***** Order †[[Orbitoidida]] <small>Copeland 1956</small>
***** Order [[Nonionida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
**** Superorder [[Buliminoida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
***** Order [[Cassidulinida]] <small>d'Orbigny 1839</small>
***** Order [[Buliminida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
***** Order [[Bolivinitida]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
**** Superorder [[Discorboida]] <small>Ehrenberg 1838</small>
***** Order [[Chilostomellida]] <small>Haeckel 1894</small>
***** Order [[Discorbida]] <small>Ehrenberg 1838</small>
***** Order [[Glabratellida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1994</small>
***** Order [[Planorbulinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
***** Order [[Rotaliida]] <small>Lankester 1885</small>
***** Order [[Rosalinida]] <small>Delage & Hérouard 1896</small>
** '''Class [[Nodosariata]]''' <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
*** Subclass [[Hormosinana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Ammomarginulinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 2002</small>
**** Order [[Nouriida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order †[[Pseudopalmulida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Saccamminida]] <small>Lankester 1885</small>
**** Order [[Hormosinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
*** Subclass [[Nodosariana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order †[[Biseriamminida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1981</small>
**** Order [[Delosinida]] <small>Revets 1989</small>
**** Order [[Lagenida]] <small>Delage & Hérouard 1896</small>
**** Order †[[Palaeotextulariida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1975</small>
**** Order [[Polymorphinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order [[Vaginulinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1993</small>
**** Order [[Nodosariida]] <small>Calkins 1926</small>
** '''Class [[Spirillinata]]''' <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
*** Subclass [[Ammodiscana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
**** Order †[[Plagioraphida]] <small>Mikhalevich 2003</small>
**** Order [[Ammodiscida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small> [Pseudoammodiscoida <small>Conil & Lys 1970</small>]
**** Order [[Ammovertellinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1999</small>
**** Order [[Ataxophragmiida]] <small>Fursenko 1958</small> [Orbitolinida <small>Ehrenberg 1839</small>]
*** Subclass [[Spirillinana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Superorder †[[Archaediscoida]] <small>Pojarkov & Skvortsov 1979</small>
***** Order †[[Archaediscida]] <small>Pojarkov & Skvortsov 1979</small>
***** Order †[[Lasiodiscida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1993</small>
***** Order †[[Tetrataxida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1981</small>
**** Superorder [[Involutinoida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1977</small>
***** Order †[[Hottingerellida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1993</small>
***** Order [[Involutinida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1977</small>
**** Superorder [[Spirillinoida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1975 </small>
***** Order [[Seabrookiida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small>
***** Order [[Cymbaloporida]] <small>Mikhaelevich 2013</small>
***** Order [[Spirillinida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1975</small>
***** Order [[Patellinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
** '''Class [[Miliolata]]''' <small>Saidova 1981</small> (porcelaneous foraminifers)
*** Subclass [[Schlumbergerinana]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Lituotubida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Loftusiida]] <small>Kaminski & Mikhalevich 2004</small>
**** Order [[Sphaeramminida]] <small>Mikhalevich & Kaminski 2004</small>
**** Order [[Cyclolinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1992</small>
**** Order [[Haplophragmiida]] <small>Loeblich & Tappan 1989</small>
**** Order [[Schlumbergerinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1980</small> [Rzehakinida <small>Saidova 1981</small>]
**** Order [[Lituolida]] <small>Lankester 1885</small>
**** Subclass [[Miliolana]] <small>Saidova 1981</small>
**** Clade Fusulinoids
***** Order †[[Ozawainellida]] <small>Solovieva 1980</small>
***** Order †[[Endothyroida]] <small>Fursenko 1958</small>
***** Order †[[Tournayellida]] <small>Hohenegger & Piller 1973</small>
***** Order †[[Fusulinida]] <small>Fursenko 1958</small>
***** Order †[[Neoschwagerinida]] <small>Minato & Honjo 1966</small>
***** Order †[[Schubertellida]] <small>Skinner 1931</small>
***** Order †[[Schwagerinida]] <small>Solovieva 1985</small>
***** Order †[[Staffellida]] <small>Miklukho-Maklay 1949</small>
**** Clade Milioloids
***** Order †[[Costiferida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1988</small>
***** Order [[Squamulinida]] <small>Mikhalevich 1988</small>
***** Order [[Cornuspirida]] <small>Jirovec 1953</small>
***** Order [[Soritida]] <small>Schultze 1854</small> [Orbitolitida <small>Wedekind 1937</small>]
***** Order [[Nubeculariida]] <small>Jones 1875</small>
***** Order [[Miliolida]] <small>Delage & Hérouard 1896</small>
|}