Editing Frameshift mutation (section)

===Central dogma===

{{Main article|Central dogma of molecular biology}}

In 1956 [[Francis Crick]] described the flow of genetic information from [[DNA]] to a specific amino acid arrangement for making a [[protein]] as the central dogma.<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/> For a cell to properly function, proteins are required to be produced accurately for structural and for [[catalytic]] activities. An incorrectly made protein can have detrimental effects on [[Cell (biology)|cell]] viability and in most cases cause the higher [[organism]] to become unhealthy by abnormal cellular functions. To ensure that the [[genome]] successfully passes the information on, [[proofreading]] mechanisms such as [[exonuclease]]s and [[mismatch repair]] systems are incorporated in [[DNA replication]].<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/>