Editing Fred Dunlap (section)

==Major League Baseball==
===Cleveland Blues===
In May 1880, Dunlap began a 12-year career in [[Major League Baseball]] with the [[Cleveland Blues (NL)|Cleveland Blues]]. In his first season, Dunlap immediately established himself as one of the game's best players. For the 1880 season, Dunlap led the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] (NL) in doubles (27) and ranked second in extra base hits (40) and [[times on base]] (132) while serving as the team's [[leadoff hitter]].<ref name=BR/><ref>{{cite news|title=In And Out-Door Sports. Turf, Field, Stream and Table|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|date=June 28, 1880|page=1}}</ref> He also made a strong debut on defense, leading the National League in assists by a second baseman (290). Dunlap remained with the Blues for four seasons and consistently ranked as one of the leading hitters and defensive second basemen in the National League. In 1881, he compiled 156 total bases, the second most in the NL, and had a .325 batting average and .444 [[slugging percentage]], ranking fifth in the NL in both categories. In 1882, he led the NL's second basemen with 297 assists and a [[range factor]] of 6.73.<ref name=BR/>

In his final year in Cleveland, Dunlap had a .326 batting average, .361 [[on-base percentage]], and .452 slugging percentage, ranking among the league's leaders in each of those categories. Defensively, he led the league's second basemen in putouts (304) and ranked third in assists (290) and fielding percentage (.911).<ref name=BR/> Dunlap was the star of the Cleveland team in the early 1880s. So key was he to the Blues that one writer observed, "The Maroons without Dunlap are like the play of Hamlet without the melancholy Dane."<ref>{{cite book |author=Nemec |first=David |title=The Beer and Whisky League |last2=Rucker |first2=Mark |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2004 |isbn=1-59228-188-5 |page=82}}</ref>

==="Sure Shot"===
Dunlap was known during his baseball career by the nicknames "Sure Shot" and "King of Second Basemen".<ref name="CAB">{{cite book |author= |url=https://archive.org/details/completearmchair0000unse/page/762 |title=The Complete Armchair book of Baseball |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |year=1997 |isbn=1-57866-004-1 |editor-last=Thorn |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Thorn |pages=[https://archive.org/details/completearmchair0000unse/page/762 762–764]}}</ref><ref name=Stars/><ref name=Mansfield>{{cite news|title=Fred Dunlap Buried: The Former "King of Second Basemen" Laid To Rest|newspaper=Mansfield News|date=December 5, 1902}}(accessible through newspapers.com)</ref>  Most accounts indicate that the "Sure Shot" nickname arose from Dunlap's powerful and accurate throws to first base.<ref name=WM/> [[King Kelly]] reportedly gave Dunlap the "Sure Shot" nickname after watching him throw.<ref name=Spink/> One account described Dunlap's throwing prowess as follows: "[E]ndless practice made him adept as a monkey at grabbing a sizzling ground ball in either hand and firing it off from the very spot he seized it. His whistling throws, which seemed to clear the grass by no more than half a foot, never seemed to lose more than an inch or two."<ref name=CAB/>

[[Alfred Henry Spink]], who saw Dunlap play, wrote that Dunlap could chase down a ball in the outfield and throw it to home plate "with such fearful speed and accuracy that the ball seemed to sing as it flew."<ref name=Spink/> Dunlap was known for his range in getting to balls that others of his era could not, and he was reportedly able to dive for a ball and throw while lying on the ground with enough velocity to sting the first baseman's hand.<ref name=CAB/> Dunlap was ambidextrous and was able to catch and throw a baseball with the same skill and accuracy with either hand. Moreover, Dunlap reportedly never wore a glove.<ref name=Spink/>

One source gives an entirely different account of how Dunlap obtained the "Sure Shot" nickname. In his book on the history of the [[home run]], Mark Ribowsky wrote that the nickname dated back to a game against the [[Chicago Cubs|Chicago White Stockings]] on July 10, 1880. The White Stockings had won 21 straight games until Dunlap hit a walk-off two-run home run in the bottom of the ninth inning. According to Ribowsky, "For this Shot Heard 'Round Cleveland, Dunlap won the nickname 'Sure Shot.'"<ref>{{cite book |author=Ribowsky |first=Mark |title=The Complete History of the Home Run |publisher=Citadel Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8065-2433-2 |page=19}}</ref>

===St. Louis Maroons===
In November 1883, Dunlap signed a contract to play for the [[St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers|St. Louis Maroons]] in the new [[Union Association]].  He was the biggest star lured to the new league.  His contract paid Dunlap a salary of $3,400 (including $1,000 paid in advance),<ref>{{cite news|title=Sporting Matters: Fred Dunlap Leaves the Cleveland Base Ball Club To Weep and To Mourn|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=November 30, 1893|url=https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/display_pdf.pdf?filename=/share3/pqimage/hnirs104v/201108260018/59560/7984/out.pdf|access-date=August 26, 2011|archive-date=April 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401035302/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/display_pdf.pdf?filename=/share3/pqimage/hnirs104v/201108260018/59560/7984/out.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the highest salary paid to any baseball player at that time.<ref name=BD/>  He remained the highest paid baseball player every year from 1884 to 1889.<ref>{{cite news|author=William H. Dunbar|title=July 1918|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/BBM/1918/bbm213q.pdf|work=[[Baseball Magazine]]|page=291}}</ref>

Dunlap played second base for the St. Louis Maroons from 1884 to 1886 and also served as the team's manager for portions of those seasons.  During the 1884 season, the Maroons and Dunlap dominated the Union Association.  The team compiled a record of 94-19, and Dunlap led the new league in most significant offensive and defensive categories.  His .412 batting average was 56 points higher than any other player in the Union Association, the National League, or the [[American Association (19th century)|American Association]].  He also led the league in on-base percentage (.448), slugging percentage (.621), runs scored (160), hits (185), total bases (279), home runs (13), extra base hits (60), assists by a second baseman (300), putouts by a second baseman (341), range factor at second base (6.41), and fielding percentage at second base (.926).<ref name=BR>{{cite web|title=Fred Dunlap Statistics and History|work=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/dunlafr01.shtml|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref>  Dunlap's .412 batting average in 1884 was the highest ever recorded in any of the major leagues up to that time.<ref>{{cite book|author=James M. Egan|title=Base Ball on the Western Reserve|publisher=McFarland|year=2008|page=97}}</ref>  His 160 runs scored in 1884 remains one of the highest single-season totals in major league history.<ref name=BD/>

Some baseball historians have suggested that Dunlap's accomplishments during the 1884 season should be discounted due to the lesser talent pool in the Union Association.<ref>{{cite book |author=James |first=Bill |author-link=Bill James |title=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2003 |isbn=0-7432-2722-0 |pages=29–32}}</ref>  In 1885, the Union Association was disbanded after only one year, and the St. Louis Maroons joined the National League.  Although his batting average dropped 142 points to .270 in 1885, Dunlap continued to be one of the best defensive second basemen in the major leagues. He led the National League's second basemen in 1885 with a .934 fielding percentage and ranked second in assists (374), putouts (314), and range factor (6.49).<ref name=BR/> Dunlap spent a third season with the Maroons in 1886, and [[Hitting for the cycle|hit for the cycle]] on May 24. However, the Maroons were in financial distress, and rumors spread that the team might disband.<ref name=DFP4/>

===Detroit Wolverines===
[[File:Fred Dunlap, Pittsburgh Alleghenys, baseball card portrait LCCN2007686931.jpg|thumb|left|1888 baseball card of Dunlap]]
In early August 1886, Dunlap was sold to the [[Detroit Wolverines]] for $4,700, the most expensive purchase price at the time.<ref name=DFP4/><ref>{{cite news|title=Dunlap's New Position|date=August 7, 1886|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/08/07/103968996.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Prince of Ball Players: Fred Dunlap Released By St. Louis For $4,700|newspaper=The Sporting News|date=August 16, 1886|page=1}}</ref>  In addition to the sum paid to the Maroons to grant the release, the Detroit team signed a contract to pay Dunlap $4,500 a season for two seasons, with an advance of $1,500 on the first day of November 1886 and 1887, respectively.<ref name=DFP4/>  The mid-season sale led to concerns about the Maroons: "The transfer of Dunlap to Detroit is a small thing in itself, but its bearing on the entire base ball world is so great as to almost revolutionize the present order of things.  He was the king pin of the St. Louis Club and his sale makes a certainty of the dissolution of the Maroons."<ref name=DFP3/>  The Detroit management was praised for their "pluck and enterprise" in making the bold "business stroke."<ref name=DFP3/>  ''[[The Sporting News]]'' wrote at the time:<blockquote>"Dunlap has joined the Detroits and now that team will fly the League pennant just as sure as time flies and the world grows.  From the day the old St. Louis Union team went out of existence Dunlap has been anything but a favorite in St. Louis.  Still there was no one in the world but was willing to concede that he was the greatest second baseman America has ever known."<ref>{{cite news|title=untitled|newspaper=The Sporting News|date=August 16, 1886|page=4}}</ref></blockquote>

Dunlap, too, expressed delight at the move, noting that he had "tried for two seasons to get away from the Maroons."<ref name=DFP3>{{cite news|title=What Next? the Detroit Management Cause a Tumult in the Base Ball World; Rumored That St. Louis Will Drop Out and Pittsburgh Come Into the League|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=August 9, 1886|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1726457082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+9%2C+1886&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=5&desc=WHAT+NEXT%3F|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202335/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1726457082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+9,+1886&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=5&desc=WHAT+NEXT%3F|url-status=dead}}</ref> While the reaction to the acquisition was overwhelmingly positive in Detroit, the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' expressed some concern over Dunlap's reputation as a "disorganizer" and "mischief maker."<ref name=DFP4>{{cite news|title=Dunlap for Detroit: The Famous Player Secured by President Marsh|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=August 7, 1886|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1726458692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+7%2C+1886&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=DUNLAP+FOR+DETROIT.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202353/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1726458692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+7,+1886&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=DUNLAP+FOR+DETROIT.|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> For the 1886 season, Dunlap led the National League with a career high 393 assists, more than any NL player at any position. In 1887, Dunlap's defensive play at second base helped lead the Detroit Wolverines to the NL pennant with a record of 79-45. Dunlap again led the NL's second basemen in fielding percentage (.948) while also ranking second in range factor (6.72).<ref name=BR/> He also played in 11 games of the [[1887 World Series]] against the American Association champions, the St. Louis Browns. Detroit won the series 10 games to 5. At the end of the 1887 season, ''[[Sporting Life (American newspaper)|Sporting Life]]'' praised Dunlap's contributions to Detroit's championship team: "Dunlap is the king of second basemen, and a first-class all-round player. His fielding average in 1886 was .931, ranking third. This season he ranks first, with .949. ... Dunlap is one of the most active men on the field, and is of great value to a team on account of his ability as a kicker and coacher."<ref name=Sketch/>

Before the last game of the World Series had been played, rumors spread that Detroit (which had amassed an all-star lineup with a commensurate payroll) was in negotiations to unload Dunlap's high salary by selling him to Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite news|title=First and Last: The Games of the World's Championship Series Lost in St. Louis; President Stearns Denies the Story That Dunlap Is Sold|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=October 27, 1887|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1725304082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+27%2C+1887&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=FIRST+AND+LAST.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202445/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1725304082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+27,+1887&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=FIRST+AND+LAST.|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> Dunlap announced in November 1887 that he would not consent unless the Detroit club paid him half of the sum it was to receive from Pittsburgh to secure his release. He said at the time, "I am sick and tired of being sold without gaining anything by it, and it is about time that my bank account was benefited by these transfers."<ref name=Mettle>{{cite news|title=Dunlap on His Mettle|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 1887|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/11/17/103150936.pdf|page=3}}</ref> He told a reporter for ''The New York Times'' that he was not penniless and would refuse to play unless his demands were met. He told the reporter that the Detroit club had three choices -- "give me half of the money secured for my release, allow me to go where I please, or fulfill the contract made with me last year."<ref name=Mettle/>

In January 1888, Dunlap finally consented to the sale and received $2,000 of the $5,000 sales price paid to Detroit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dunlap Goes to Pittsburg|date=January 4, 1888|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/01/04/106308057.pdf}}</ref>  His total annual compensation on signing with Pittsburgh was $6,000, making him the highest paid player in baseball history to that time.<ref name="JS">{{cite book |author=Shiffert |first=John |title=Base Ball in Philadelphia: A History of the Early Game, 1831–1900 |publisher=McFarland |year=2006 |isbn=0-7864-2795-7 |pages=197–199}}</ref> The ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' congratulated the "cranks" of Pittsburgh for their team's acquisition of "no less than the king second baseman of the country."<ref>{{cite news|title=Dunny To Leave Us: The Fine Second Baseman to be Transferred to Pittsburgh; The Cranks of That City Delighted with the Deal|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=November 5, 1887|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1725269652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+5%2C+1887&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=DUNNY+TO+LEAVE+US.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202102/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1725269652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+5,+1887&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=DUNNY+TO+LEAVE+US.|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref>

===Pittsburgh Alleghenys===
Dunlap played for the [[Pittsburgh Alleghenys]] from 1888 to 1890, and served as manager of the Alleghenys for a portion of the 1889 season.  During his three years in Pittsburgh, Dunlap's offensive performance declined. His batting average for the Alleghenys went from .262 in 1888 to .235 in 1889. At the same time, he remained one of the leading defensive second basemen in the game. In 1888, Dunlap ranked second among the league's second basemen in fielding percentage (.940) and range factor (6.33), and in 1889, Dunlap's last full season in the major leagues, his .950 fielding percentage led the National League and was a career high for Dunlap.<ref name=BR/>

Before the start of the 1890 season, Dunlap engaged in protracted salary negotiations with President Nimick of the Alleghenys. In late March 1890, the [[Pittsburgh Dispatch|''Pittsburg Dispatch'']] reported that the two sides had reached a resolution, "and it now seems certain that Dunlap will play his old position in the Pittsburg league club."<ref name=PD2>{{cite news|title=Sporting Matters: Base Ball; Dunlap and Conway|newspaper=Detroit Free Press (reprinting article from Pittsburg Dispatch)|date=March 26, 1890|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1724260572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+26%2C+1890&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=SPORTING+MATTERS.|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202222/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1724260572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+26,+1890&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=SPORTING+MATTERS.|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nimick said at the time: "I had a long talk with Mr. Dunlap, and we agreed to terms for him to play with us this season.  Of course the terms were below those of last year, that is, he will play for much less than $5,000.  He did not sign a contract, for reasons that were quite satisfactory to me ... We know he is a good player and he is quite willing to remain with us."<ref name=PD2/>

In the first 17 games of the 1890 season, Dunlap's batting average fell to .172, and as a result he was released by the Alleghenys on May 15. Aside from his batting average, disagreements with Pittsburgh's manager, [[Guy Hecker]], reportedly contributed to the decision. The ''Pittsburgh Dispatch'' quoted manager Hecker as saying, "Dunlap is certainly the worst man to get along with that I ever met. He has had everybody in hot water during our entire western trip."<ref name=PD>{{cite news|title=Dunlap Released by Pittsburg|newspaper=Detroit Free Press (quoting article from Pittsburg Dispatch)|date=May 17, 1890|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1724374312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+17%2C+1890&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=GOSSIP+OF+THE+GAME.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107202134/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1724374312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+17,+1890&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=GOSSIP+OF+THE+GAME.|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> Others speculated that Dunlap's release was motivated by his $3,500 salary and the fact that Pittsburgh's backup second baseman, [[Henry Youngman (baseball)|Henry Youngman]], had signed for a salary of only $1,050.<ref name=PD/>

===Giants and Statesmen===
Dunlap jumped to the New York Giants of the [[Players' League]] in late May 1890.<ref name=BR/> At the time, the Washington correspondent for ''[[Sporting Life (American newspaper)|Sporting Life]]'' predicted that Dunlap would bring bad luck to his new team. He wrote: "Fred is a great player, but the hoo-doo that seems to shadow him will make itself felt wherever he may go. There are a number of people in this vicinity who have watched his course with more than ordinary interest, and they do not hesitate to declare him a Jonah."<ref>{{cite news |author=Larner |first=R.M. |date=May 31, 1890 |title=Is Dunlap a Jonah? |url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll17/id/49967/rec/23 |newspaper=[[Sporting Life (American newspaper)|Sporting Life]] |page=10 |via=[[LA84 Foundation]]}}</ref> Dunlap appeared in only one game for the Giants and announced in July that he would play no more in 1890 and that he would spend the remainder of the summer at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], with plans to return in 1891 "and play the game of his life."<ref>{{cite news|title=Notes and Gossip (column 2)|newspaper=Sporting News|date=July 19, 1890|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1890/VOL_15_NO_16/SL1516005.pdf}}</ref>

Dunlap concluded his baseball career in 1891 with the [[Washington Statesmen]] in the American Association.  He appeared in only eight games for the Statesmen before breaking his leg sliding into a base on April 20, 1891.<ref name=BR/><ref name="Stars">{{cite book|title=Nineteenth Century Stars|publisher=Society for American Baseball Research|first=Robert L.|last=Tiemann|year=2012|pages=82–83|isbn=9781933599298}}</ref> In early June 1891, the Washington management notified him that it would discontinue his salary payments.  Dunlap returned the notice and filed a grievance, contending he should have been continued at least on half pay since he was disabled while sliding into a base. Washington refused to pay, and he never played professional baseball again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fred Dunlap Released by Washington: Dunny Has a Grievance|newspaper=The Sporting News|date=June 20, 1891|page=1}}</ref>

===Career Statistics===
In 965 games over 12 seasons, Dunlap posted a .292 [[batting average (baseball)|batting average]] (1159-for-3974) with 759 [[run (baseball)|runs]], 224 [[double (baseball)|doubles]], 53 [[triple (baseball)|triples]], 41 [[home runs]], 366 [[Run batted in|RBI]], 85 [[stolen bases]], 283 [[bases on balls]], .340 [[on-base percentage]] and .406 [[slugging percentage]]. He finished his career with a .924 [[fielding percentage]].<ref name="BR" />