Editing Frederic Eugene Ives (section)

==Stereoscopic photography==

In 1903 Ives patented the '''parallax stereogram''', the first "no glasses" [[autostereoscopy|autostereoscopic]] 3-D display technology.<ref>U.S. Patent 725,567 "Parallax Stereogram and Process of Making Same", application filed 25 September 1902, patented 14 April 1903</ref> A compound image consisting of fine interlaced vertical slivers of a stereoscopic pair of images was seen in 3-D when viewed through a slightly separated fine grid of correctly spaced alternating opaque and transparent vertical lines, now known as a [[parallax barrier]]. The grid allowed each eye to see only the slivers of the image intended for it.

Ives first exhibited such an image in 1901, at which time he stated that the basic concept had occurred to him about sixteen years earlier while working with line screens for the halftone process.<ref>Ives, Frederic E. (1902). "A novel stereogram". ''Journal of the Franklin Institute'' '''153''': 51–52</ref> In 1904, Auguste Berthier came forward to claim due credit for the first publication of this concept. He had included it near the end of an 1896 article about large-format stereoscopic images.<ref>Berthier, Auguste (May 16 and 23, 1896). "Images stéréoscopiques de grand format" (in French). ''Cosmos'' '''34''' (590, 591): 205–210, 227-233 (see 229-231)</ref> Berthier had also created an extremely coarse and nonfunctional interlaced image for purposes of illustration,<ref>[http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/index246.html Kim Timby, "Images en relief et images changeantes. La photographie à réseau ligné", ''Études photographiques'' 9 (May 2001): 124-147 (in French, illustrated).]</ref> but he never reduced the idea to practice or attempted to patent it.

Eventually, several other inventors, including Ives' son Herbert, substituted an array of narrow cylindrical lenses for the simple parallax barrier and incorporated more than two viewpoints, creating lenticular '''parallax panoramagram''' 3-D images of the type most familiar from 3-D postcards, trading cards and similar novelties, often confused with [[holography|holograms]]. The original parallax barrier method is currently (2017) employed in several no-glasses 3-D video displays.

Ives also patented the use of parallax barriers for displaying changeable images.<ref>U.S. Patent 771,824 "Changeable Sign, Picture, &c.", application filed 27 October 1903, patented 11 October 1904</ref>

As early as 1900, Ives was tinkering with [[3-D film|stereoscopic motion pictures]]. By 1922, he and fellow inventor Jacob Leventhal were producing a popular series of [[Anaglyph image|anaglyph]] 3-D novelty shorts called ''Plastigrams''.  The first one was released by [[Educational Pictures]] in December 1922, and the later ones by [[Pathé|Pathé Films]].