Editing Frederick Funston (section)

==Career==
After one year as a [[journalist]], Funston moved into more scientific exploration, focusing primarily on [[botany]]. First serving as part of an exploring and surveying expedition in [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley, California]]. In 1891, he then traveled to [[Alaska]] to spend the next two years in work for the [[United States Department of Agriculture]].<ref name="Davis"/>

===Cuba===
[[File:FredFunston.jpg|150px|thumb|Funston in Cuban uniform]]
He eventually joined the [[Cuban Liberation Army]] that was fighting for independence from [[Spain]] in 1896<ref name="Davis"/> after having been inspired to join following a rousing speech given by Gen. [[Daniel E. Sickles]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York, New York|New York City]].

After a bout of [[malaria]], Funston's weight dropped to an alarming 95 lb. The Cubans gave him a leave of absence. When Funston returned to the United States, he was commissioned as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the [[20th Kansas Infantry Regiment (1898)|20th Kansas Infantry Regiment]] in the [[United States Army]] on May 13, 1898, in the early days of the [[Spanish–American War]]. In the fall, he met Eda Blankart at a patriotic gathering, and after a brief courtship, they married on October 25, 1898.<ref>https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/eda-blankart-funston.htm| Eda Blankart Funston</ref> Within two weeks of the marriage, he had to depart for war, landing  in the [[Philippines]] as part of the U.S. forces that would become engaged in the Philippine–American War.

===Philippines===
Funston was in command in various engagements with Filipino nationalists. In April 1899, he took a Filipino position at [[Calumpit]] by swimming the Bagbag River, then crossing the [[Pampanga River]] under heavy fire. For his bravery, Funston was soon promoted to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers and awarded the Medal of Honor on February 14, 1900.

Funston played the key role in planning and carrying out the capture of Filipino President [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] on March 23, 1901, at [[Palanan]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Funston | first=F. | title=Memories of Two Wars: Cuban and Philippine Experiences | publisher=C. Scribner's Sons | year=1911 | isbn=978-0-7222-7898-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-MkAAAAYAAJ |chapter=The Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-MkAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA384 }}</ref> The capture of Aguinaldo made Funston a national hero in the U.S., although the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|anti-imperialist movement]] criticized him when the details of Aguinaldo's capture became known. Funston's party, escorted by a company of [[Macabebe Scouts]], had gained access to Aguinaldo's camp by posing as prisoners. Funston's mission to capture Aguinaldo brought him a [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] commission just as he was scheduled to be mustered out of the [[Volunteer Army of the United States|volunteer service]] and, at only 35 years old, Funston was appointed a [[brigadier general]] in the Regular Army in recognition of his capture of Aguinaldo. 

In 1902, Funston returned to the United States to increased public opposition to the Philippine–American War, and became the focus of a great deal of controversy. [[Mark Twain]], a strong opponent of U.S. [[imperialism]], published a sarcasm-filled denunciation of Funston's mission and methods under the title "[[A Defence of General Funston]]" in the ''[[North American Review]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-25119240 |title=A Defence of General Funston |last=Twain |first=Mark |work=[[North American Review]] |volume=174 |pages=613–24 |date=May 1, 1902 |access-date=March 4, 2005}}</ref> Poet [[Ernest Crosby]] also wrote a satirical, anti-imperialist novel, ''[[Captain Jinks, Hero]]'', that parodied the career of Funston.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=January 3, 2010 |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5477/ |title=Crosby on Kipling: A Parody of "The White Man's Burden}}</ref>

Funston was considered a useful advocate for American [[expansionism]]; however, when he publicly made insulting remarks about [[anti-imperialist]] [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[George Frisbie Hoar]] of [[Massachusetts]], mocking his "overheated conscience" in Denver, just prior to a planned visit to Boston, the epicenter of the U.S. anti-imperialism movement, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] denied his furlough request and ordered him to be silenced and officially reprimanded.<ref>Miller (1982), p. 235; ''[[New York Times]]'', April 10, 1902.  Front-page headlines: ''Boston Herald'', April 24, 1902: "President Muzzles Funston" and ''San Francisco Call'', April 25, 1902: "Funston Silenced. President Orders Him to Cease Talking."</ref>

===United States and overseas again===
[[File:San Francisco in ruin edit2.jpg|thumb|left|500px|San Francisco, 1906: Aftermath of the fire]]
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In 1906, Funston was commander of the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] when the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] hit. He declared [[martial law]], although he did not have the authority to do so, and martial law was never officially declared.<ref>Gordon Thomas & Max Morgan Witts: ''The San Francisco Earthquake'' (Stein and Day, New York; Souvenir Press, London, 1971; reprinted Dell, 1972, {{ISBN|081281360X}}, p. 83)</ref> Funston attempted to defend the city from the spread of fire, and directed the demolition of buildings using explosives to create [[firebreak]]s, but his orders often resulted in more fires.<ref name=Lafler>{{cite web|last=Lafler|first=Henry Anderson|title=How the Army Worked to Save San Francisco: An Attack on General Funston|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/lafler.html|work=Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|publisher=(Originally, Calkins Newspaper Syndicate, 1906)|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> Funston gave orders to shoot all looters on sight; however, these orders resulted in numerous cases of innocent people being shot.<ref name=Lafler/>

[[File:Funston's house in SanFran.png|thumb|Col. Funston and Eda in their family living room in the Presidio of San Francisco]]

At the time, local officials praised Funston's actions in the earthquake and fire emergency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funston and Pershing, the Generals in Charge of the Chase After Villa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTr91axBWiMC&q=funston+san-francisco+earthquake+praise&pg=PA318 |work=Current Opinion |date=May 1916 | quote = ...he and his officers and men won laurels for the Regular Army and evoked paeans of praise from the civil authorities of San Francisco|last1 = Wheeler|first1 = Edward Jewitt|last2 = Crane|first2 = Frank}}</ref> Historians have since taken issue with some of his actions in the disaster, arguing that he should not have used military forces in a peacetime emergency.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nobleman |first1=Marc Tyler |title=The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 |date=2007 |publisher=Capstone |page=24 |isbn=9780756524609 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5b07Y-K9G8C&q=%22historians+feel+that+funston+made+an+error%22+emergency&pg=PA24 |access-date=25 August 2018 | quote = Historians feel that Funston made an error in judgment by calling in armed soldiers during a peacetime emergency.}}</ref>

From December 1907 through March 1908, Funston was in charge of troops at the [[Goldfield, Nevada|Goldfield]] mining center in [[Esmeralda County, Nevada]], where the army put down a [[labor strike]] by the [[Industrial Workers of the World]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

After two years as commandant of the [[Army Service School]] in [[Fort Leavenworth]], Funston served three years as commander of the Department of Luzon in the Philippines. He was briefly shifted to the same role in the Hawaiian Department (April 3, 1913, to January 22, 1914).{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Funston was active in the United States' conflict with [[Mexico]] in 1914 to 1916, as commanding general of the army's Southern Department, being promoted to [[Major general (United States)|major general]] in November 1914. He was commander of [[Fort Sam Houston]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], where he prodded Second Lieutenant [[Dwight Eisenhower]] into becoming the football coach for the [[Peacock Military Academy]] and later approved Eisenhower's request of leave for his wedding.<ref name="Team America">{{Cite book |last=O'Connell |first=Robert L. |title=Team America |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2022 |isbn=9780062883322 |edition=1st |pages=117–119, 122}}</ref> He occupied the city of [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]]. He commanded all forces involved in the hunt for [[Pancho Villa]], and provided security for the United States border with Mexico during the "[[Bandit War]]".{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===World War I and death===
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Just prior to the [[American entry into World War I]], in April 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] had favored Funston to head any [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] (AEF) that would be sent overseas. Funston's intense focus on his work led to health problems: first, with a case of indigestion in January 1917, followed a month later by a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at the age of 51 in [[San Antonio, Texas]].

In the moments before his death, Funston was relaxing in the lobby of the [[St. Anthony Hotel]]<ref>[http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/funston.html The Virtual Museum of the city of San Francisco]</ref> in San Antonio, listening to an orchestra play ''[[The Blue Danube]]'' [[waltz]].  After commenting, "How beautiful it all is," he collapsed from a massive [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and died. He was holding six-year-old [[Inez Asher|Inez Harriett Silverberg]] in his arms.<ref>Friday, March 2, 1917, ''Greensboro Daily News'' (Greensboro, North Carolina) Page: 7</ref><ref>Tuesday, February 20, 1917 ''Omaha World-Herald'' (Omaha, Nebraska) p. 1</ref>

[[File:General Funston's Death.png|thumb|left|Funston's body lying in state at San Francisco City Hall]]

[[Douglas MacArthur]], then a major, had the unpleasant duty of breaking the news to President Wilson and Secretary of War [[Newton D. Baker]]. As MacArthur explained in his memoirs, "had the voice of doom spoken, the result could not have been different. The silence seemed like that of death itself. You could hear your own breathing."<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacArthur |first=Douglas |title=Reminiscences |date=2010 |publisher=Ishi Press |isbn=978-4-87187-882-1 |location=New York |pages=46}}</ref>

Funston lay in state at both the [[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|Alamo]] and the [[San Francisco City Hall|City Hall Rotunda]] in San Francisco. The latter honor gave him the distinction of being the first person to be recognized with this tribute, with his subsequent burial taking place in  [[San Francisco National Cemetery]]. After his death, the position of AEF commander went to Major General [[John J. Pershing]], who, as commanding general of the [[Pancho Villa Expedition|Punitive Expedition]] in 1916, had been Funston's subordinate. The [[Lake Merced]] military reservation (part of San Francisco's coastal defenses) was renamed [[Fort Funston]] in his honor, while the training camp built in 1917 next to Fort Riley in Kansas (which became the second-largest World War I camp) was named [[Camp Funston]]. San Francisco's [[Moscone Recreation Center|Funston Park]] and Funston Avenue are named for him, as is Funston Avenue in his hometown of New Carlisle, Ohio, and Funston Avenue near Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio. In Hawaii, Funston Road at Schofield Barracks and Funston Road at Fort Shafter are named after him. Funston's daughter, and his son and grandson, both of whom served in the [[United States Air Force]], were later interred with him.