Editing Frequency-division multiplexing (section)

== Telephone ==
For [[long distance telephone connection]]s, 20th century telephone companies used [[L-carrier]] and similar [[coaxial cable]] systems carrying thousands of voice circuits multiplexed in multiple stages by [[channel bank]]s.

For shorter distances, cheaper [[balanced pair]] cables were used for various systems including [[Bell System]] K- and N-Carrier. Those cables did not allow such large bandwidths, so only 12 voice channels ([[double sideband]]) and later 24 ([[single sideband]]) were multiplexed into [[four-wire circuit|four wires]], one pair for each direction with [[repeater]]s every several miles, approximately 10&nbsp;km. See [[12-channel carrier system]]. By the end of the 20th century, FDM voice circuits had become rare. Modern telephone systems employ digital transmission, in which [[time-division multiplexing]] (TDM) is used instead of FDM.

Since the late 20th century, [[digital subscriber line]]s (DSL) have used a [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing|Discrete multitone]] (DMT) system to divide their spectrum into frequency channels.

=== Group and supergroup ===
A once commonplace FDM system, used for example in [[L-carrier]], uses crystal filters which operate at the 8&nbsp;MHz range to form a Channel Group of 12 channels, 48&nbsp;kHz bandwidth in the range 8140 to 8188&nbsp;kHz by selecting carriers in the range 8140 to 8184&nbsp;kHz selecting [[upper sideband]] this group can then be translated to the standard range 60 to 108&nbsp;kHz by a carrier of 8248&nbsp;kHz. Such systems are used in DTL (Direct To Line) and DFSG (Directly formed super group).

132 voice channels (2SG + 1G) can be formed using DTL plane the modulation and [[frequency plan]] are given in FIG1 and FIG2 use of DTL technique allows the formation of a maximum of 132 voice channels that can be placed direct to line. DTL eliminates group and super group equipment.

DFSG can take similar steps where a direct formation of a number of super groups can be obtained in the 8&nbsp;kHz the DFSG also eliminates group equipment and can offer:
* Reduction in cost 7% to 13%
* Less equipment to install and maintain
* Increased reliability due to less equipment

Both DTL and DFSG can fit the requirement of low density system (using DTL) and higher density system (using DFSG). The DFSG terminal is similar to DTL terminal except instead of two super groups many super groups are combined. A Mastergroup of 600 channels (10 super-groups) is an example based on DFSG.