Editing Frequentative (section)

==Finnish==
In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], a frequentative [[verb]] signifies a single action repeated, "around the place" both spatially and temporally. The complete translation would be "go — around aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglutinative markers. In general, one frequentative is ''-:i-'', and another ''-ele-'', but it is almost always combined with something else. Some forms:
* ''sataa — sa<u>del</u>la — sat<u>ele</u>e'' "to rain — to rain occasionally — it rains occasionally"
* ''ampua — ammu<u>skella</u> — ammu<u>skele</u>n'' "to shoot — go shooting around — I go shooting around"
* ''juosta — juokse<u>nnella</u> — juokse<u>ntele</u>n '' "to run — to run around (to and fro) — I run around"
* ''kirjoittaa — kirjoi<u>tella</u> — kirjoi<u>ttele</u>n'' "to write — to write (something short) occasionally — I write "around""
* ''järjestää — järje<u>stellä</u> — järje<u>stele</u>n'' "to put in order — to arrange continuously, to play around — I play around (with them) in order to put them in order"
* ''heittää — heitt<u>elehti</u>ä — heitt<u>elehdi</u>t'' "to throw — to swerve — you swerve"
* ''loikata — loik<u>ki</u>a — loik<u>i</u>n'' "to jump once — to jump (again and again) — I jump (again and again)"
* ''istua — istu<u>ksi</u>a — istu<u>ksi</u>t'' "to sit — to sit (randomly somewhere), loiter — you loiter there by sitting"

There are several frequentative morphemes, underlined above; these are affected by [[consonant gradation]] as indicated. Their meanings are slightly different; see the list, arranged ''infinitive''~''personal'':
*''-ella''~''-ele-'': bare frequentative.
*''-skella''~''-skele-'': frequentative [[unergative verb]], where the action is wanton (arbitrary)
*''-stella''~''-stele-'': frequentative [[causative]], where the subject causes something indicated in the root, as "order" vs. "to continuously try to put something in order".
*''-nnella''~''-ntele-'': a frequentative, where an actor is required. The marker ''-nt-'' indicates a continuing effort, therefore ''-ntele-'' indicates a series of such efforts.
*''-elehtia''~''-elehdi-'': movement that is random and compulsive, as in under pain, e.g. ''vääntelehtiä'' "writhe in pain", or ''heittelehtiä'' "to swerve"
*''-:ia-''~''-i-'': a continuing action definitely at a point in time, where the action or effort is repeated.
*''-ksia''~''-ksi-'': same as ''-i-'', but wanton, cf. ''-skella''

Frequentatives may be combined with [[momentane]]s, that is, to indicate the repetition of a short, sudden action. The momentane ''-ahta-'' can be prefixed with the frequentative ''-ele-'' to produce the morpheme ''-ahtele-'', as in ''täristä'' "to shake (continuously)" → ''tärähtää'' "to shake suddenly once" → ''tärähdellä'' "to shake, such that a single, sudden shaking is repeated". For example, the contrast between these is that ground shakes (''maa tärisee'') continuously when a large truck goes by, the ground shakes once (''maa tärähtää'') when a cannon fires, and the ground shakes suddenly but repeatedly (''maa tärähtelee'') when a battery of cannons is firing.

Since the frequentative is a lexical, not a grammatical contrast, considerable [[semantic drift]] may have occurred.

For a list of different real and hypothetical forms, see:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~lcarlson/02-03/ctl104/ctl104h03facit.html |title=ctl104mh.shtml |publisher=Ling.helsinki.fi |access-date=2019-09-12 |archive-date=2005-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212142820/http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~lcarlson/02-03/ctl104/ctl104h03facit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Loanword]]s are put into the frequentative form, if the action is such. If the action can be nothing else but frequentative, the "basic form" doesn't even exist, such as with "to go shopping".

* ''surffata — surffailla'' "to surf — to surf (around in the net)"
* ''*shopata — shoppailla'' "*to shop once — to go shopping"

Adjectives can similarly receive frequentative markers: ''iso — isotella'' "big — to talk big", or ''feikkailla'' < English ''fake'' "to be fake, blatantly and consistently".