Editing Gǀui dialect (section)

===Clicks===
Gǀui has 24 simple [[click consonant]]s, plus complex clicks variously analyzed as [[consonant cluster]]s or airstream [[contour (linguistics)|contours]]. As with many of the Tshu–Khwe languages, clicks have lost some of their importance under the influence of neighboring [[Bantu languages]]. Many words which previously began with clicks (as shown by [[cognate]]s in related languages) have lost them over the past few centuries in Gǀui. Nonetheless, Gǀui has the largest known inventory of clicks of any Khoe language.

Gǀui has been described with a contrast between [[velar consonant|velar]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] clicks. However, all Gǀui clicks are uvular (or pharyngeal); the 'uvular' part of the latter is part of an [[airstream mechanism|airstream]] [[contour (linguistics)|contour]], a transition from a click to a non-click release: effectively, the click transitions into a non-click consonant. (See [[Nǁng language]] for a similar situation in another language.) Nakagawa proposes that the contour and glottalized clicks are not single sounds, but sequences of a click and a uvular or glottal consonant, though Miller (2011) notes that such an analysis creates problems when extended to other languages with clicks.

Altogether there are thirteen such series, or "accompaniments", and all 52 possible combinations are found. Except for the lack of bilabial clicks, the inventory is nearly identical to that of some speakers of [[ǂʼAmkoe language|ǂʼAmkoe]], which is in intense contact with Gǀui and may have borrowed some of its clicks from Gǀui, and lost others not found in Gǀui.

Miller (2011), in a comparative study with other languages, interprets Nakagawa's description as follows. (Nakagawa's {{angbr IPA|kǃʔ}} and {{angbr IPA|ǃqxʼ}} are analyzed as {{IPA|[ᵑǃˀ]}} and {{IPA|[ǃ͡kxʼ]}}, respectively.)<ref>Amanda Miller, 2011. "The Representation of Clicks". In Oostendorp et al. eds., ''The Blackwell Companion to Phonology''.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" 
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! colspan=2 | affricated clicks
! colspan=2 | 'sharp' clicks
|-
! [[dental click|dental]] || [[alveolar lateral click|lateral]] || [[postalveolar click|alveolar]] || [[palatal click|palatal]]
|-
! rowspan=7 {{vert header|va=middle|Simple clicks}}
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|ᶢǀ}} || {{IPA link|ᶢǁ}} || {{IPA link|ᶢǃ}} || {{IPA link|ᶢǂ}}
|-
! [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]
| {{IPA link|ᵏǀ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǁ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǃ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǂ}}
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|ᵏǀʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǁʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǃʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǂʰ}}
|-
! [[glottalized click|glottalized]] oral
| {{IPA link|ᵏǀʼ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǁʼ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǃʼ}} || {{IPA link|ᵏǂʼ}}
|-
! [[nasal click|nasal]]
| {{IPA link|ᵑǀ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǁ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǃ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǂ}}
|-
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] aspirated nasal
| {{IPA link|ᵑ̊ǀʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑ̊ǁʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑ̊ǃʰ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑ̊ǂʰ}}
|-
! glottalized nasal
| {{IPA link|ᵑǀˀ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǁˀ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǃˀ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑǂˀ}}
|-
! rowspan=7 {{vert header|va=middle|[[linguo-pulmonic consonant|Contours]]}}
! (prenasalized) voiced 
| {{IPA|ᶢǀ͡ɢ}} || {{IPA|ᶢǁ͡ɢ}} || {{IPA|ᶢǃ͡ɢ}} || {{IPA|ᶢǂ͡ɢ}}
|-
! tenuis 
| {{IPA|ǀ͡q}} || {{IPA|ǁ͡q}} || {{IPA|ǃ͡q}} || {{IPA|ǂ͡q}}
|-
! aspirated 
| {{IPA|ǀ͡qʰ}} || {{IPA|ǁ͡qʰ}} || {{IPA|ǃ͡qʰ}} || {{IPA|ǂ͡qʰ}}
|-
! voiceless [[fricative consonant|fricative]] 
| {{IPA|ǀ͡χ}} || {{IPA|ǁ͡χ}} || {{IPA|ǃ͡χ}} || {{IPA|ǂ͡χ}}
|-
! [[Glottalized click#Ejective clicks|ejective]] 
| {{IPA|ǀ͡qʼ}} || {{IPA|ǁ͡qʼ}} || {{IPA|ǃ͡qʼ}} || {{IPA|ǂ͡qʼ}}
|-
!uvular affricate
|{{IPA|ǀ͡qχ}}
|{{IPA|ǁ͡qχ}}
|{{IPA|ǃ͡qχ}}
|{{IPA|ǂ͡qχ}}
|-
! uvular ejective affricate 
| {{IPA|ǀ͡qχʼ}} || {{IPA|ǁ͡qχʼ}} || {{IPA|ǃ͡qχʼ}} || {{IPA|ǂ͡qχʼ}}
|}
The voiced contour ('uvular') clicks tend to be prenasalized, {{IPA|[ɴǃɢ]}}.
As in the majority of languages with clicks, the glottalized nasal series {{IPA|/ᵑǃˀ/}} are pronounced with a glottal [[voice onset time|release]] {{IPA|[ǃˀ]}} in initial position, and prenasalized {{IPA|[ᵑˀǃ]}} after a vowel. The contrast between glottalized oral and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual, but has also been reported from [[ǂʼAmkoe language|ǂʼAmkoe]] and [[Yeyi language|Yeyi]] since Nakagawa announced its discovery in Gǀui. The Khute dialect of Gǀui also has [[preglottalized nasal click]]s allophonically.  They developed from glottalized nasal clicks before pharyngealized vowels, perhaps under ǂʼAmkoe influence:

{| class=wikitable
|+Preglottalized nasal clicks in Khute dialect<ref>Gerlach 2015:&nbsp;362, from Nakagawa 2006:&nbsp;172</ref>
|-
!Khute Gǀui||other Gǀui||English
|-
|{{IPA|[ˀᵑǂúˤrī]}}||{{IPA|[ᵑǂˀúˤrī]}}||"adam's apple" (pharyngealized vowel)
|-
|{{IPA|[ᵑǂˀúbī]}}||{{IPA|[ᵑǂˀúbī]}}||"egg" (modal vowel)
|}