Editing GSK plc (section)

===Glaxo Wellcome===
[[File:Glaxo Factory, Bunnythorpe, New Zealand 03.JPG|thumb|The Glaxo factory built in 1918, in [[Bunnythorpe|Bunnythorpe, New Zealand]], with the Glaxo Laboratories sign still visible]]

====Glaxo====
Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in [[Wellington]], New Zealand, by a Londoner, [[Joseph Nathan|Joseph Edward Nathan]].<ref>R. P. T. Davenport-Hines, Judy Slinn, ''Glaxo: A History to 1962'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;7–13.</ref> In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near [[Bunnythorpe]]. The resulting product was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from ''lacto''), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies."<ref>David Newton, ''Trademarked: A History of Well-Known Brands, from Airtex to Wright's Coal Tar'', The History Press, 2012, p.&nbsp;435.</ref><ref name="Ravenscraft2000">{{Cite web |last1=Ravenscraft |first1=David J. |last2=Long |first2=William F. |date=January 2000 |title=Paths to Creating Value in Pharmaceutical Mergers |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8653/c8653.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075228/https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8653/c8653.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2023 |website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref>{{rp|306}}<ref name="history"/> The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}}
[[File:Glaxo feeder bottle with packaging.jpg|thumb|right| Feeder bottle with valve and teat, Glaxo Laboratories, Greenford, Middlesex]]

Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935.<ref>New "Glaxo" Company. ''The Times'', Tuesday, 15 October 1935; pg. 22; Issue 47195</ref> Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised the group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent<ref>J. Nathan And "Glaxo" Reorganization. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 8 January 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50653</ref> and obtained a listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>Joseph Nathan & Co. ''The Times'', Thursday, 20 February 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50690</ref> Glaxo acquired [[Allen & Hanburys]] in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist [[David Jack (scientist)|David Jack]] was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's [[research and development]] (R&D) until 1987.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}} After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in the US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to [[Research Triangle Park]] (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in [[North Carolina]].<ref name="history"/>

====Burroughs Wellcome====
Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists [[Henry Wellcome]] and [[Silas Mainville Burroughs (pharmacist)|Silas Burroughs]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=B. Rajesh |title=Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-00590-8 |location=Cham |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in [[Tuckahoe (village), New York|Tuckahoe, New York]],<ref name="TriCent">{{Cite web |title=Eastchester: History of the Town |url=http://eastchester350.org/350/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/History-of-the-town-1964.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401183707/http://eastchester350.org/350/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/History-of-the-town-1964.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref>[http://news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc?a=d&d=theeastchester19241119.1.2 "Addition to Factory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201140948/https://news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc?a=d&d=theeastchester19241119.1.2 |date=1 December 2020 }}, ''The Eastchester Citizen-Bulletin'', 19 November 1924</ref><ref>Peter Pennoyer, Anne Walker, ''The Architecture of Delano & Aldrich'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=PfsvwzwaQqUC&pg=PA188 188].</ref> which served as the US headquarters until the company moved to [[Research Triangle Park]] in North Carolina in 1971.<ref>[http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ "Iconic Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters Open for Rare Public Tour"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828173230/http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ |date=28 August 2018 }}, Triangle Modernist Houses, press release, 8 October 2012.</ref><ref name="Cummings">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Alex Sayf |date=13 June 2016 |title=Into the Spaceship: A Visit to the Old Burroughs Wellcome Building |url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2016/06/13/into-the-spaceship-a-visit-to-the-old-burroughs-wellcome-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175810/https://tropicsofmeta.com/2016/06/13/into-the-spaceship-a-visit-to-the-old-burroughs-wellcome-building/ |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Tropics of Meta historiography for the masses}}</ref> The [[Nobel Prize]] winning scientists [[Gertrude B. Elion]] and [[George H. Hitchings]] worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as [[mercaptopurine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bouton |first=Katherine |date=29 January 1989 |title=The Nobel Pair |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017153346/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> In 1959, the [[Wellcome Foundation]] bought [[William Cooper (chemical manufacturer)|Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc]] to become more active in animal health.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |title=GSK History |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |access-date=18 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608203248/http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>

When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters, the company selected [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] to design its new building.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaji-O'Grady |first1=Sandra |title=LabOratory: Speaking of Science and Its Architecture |last2=Smith |first2=Chris L. |publisher=MIT Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-262-35636-7 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=4–5 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Elion-Hitchings Building]] "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of [[Georgia State University]] wrote in 2016, that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of the history of both architecture and [[Research Triangle Park]]."<ref name="Elion-Hitchings"/> [[United Therapeutics]], which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020, to tear it down.<ref name="Elion-Hitchings">{{cite news |last=Stradling |first=Richard |date=21 September 2020 |title=United Therapeutics to demolish an RTP landmark building |work=[[News & Observer]] |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article245830330.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220235/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article245830330.html |archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

====Merger====
Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesney |first=Mark S. |date=January 2004 |title=The ghosts of pharma past |url=https://pubsapp.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i01/pdf/104timeline.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075235/https://pubsapp.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i01/pdf/104timeline.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=Ravenscraft2000/> The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history.<ref name=":1" /> Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in [[Stevenage]], [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |date=15 June 1995 |title=10,000 face Glaxo's axe at Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/10000-face-glaxos-axe-at-wellcome-1586547.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706142050/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/10-000-face-glaxo-s-axe-at-wellcome-1586547.html |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160641/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2014 |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |title=Glaxo warns of redundancies |newspaper=The Independent |date=21 June 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |date=7 September 1995 |title=Glaxo Wellcome plans to axe 7,500 jobs |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-wellcome-plans-to-axe-7500-jobs-1600042.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124164542/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-wellcome-plans-to-axe-7-500-jobs-1600042.html |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the [[California]]-based Affymax, a leader in the field of [[combinatorial chemistry]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 1995 |title=Glaxo to Acquire Affymax |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/glaxo-to-acquire-affymax.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404164133/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/glaxo-to-acquire-affymax.html |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind [[Novartis]] and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Outlook: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/outlook-glaxo-wellcome-1084036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316123746/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/outlook-glaxo-wellcome-1084036.html |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Its products included [[Imigran]] (for the treatment of migraine), [[salbutamol]] (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), [[Zovirax]] (for the treatment of coldsores), and [[Retrovir]] and [[Epivir]] (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS.<ref name="indep1899">{{cite news |date=1 August 1999 |title=Company of the week: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/company-of-the-week-glaxo-wellcome-1109929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161534/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/company-of-the-week-glaxo-wellcome-1109929.html |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among the world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, [[Kent]], London and [[Verona]] (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East.<ref name="bbc17100">{{cite news |date=17 January 2000 |title=Profile: Glaxo Wellcome |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/606752.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412181754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/606752.stm |archive-date=12 April 2023}}</ref>